Curriculum

Taba in Curzon (2004, p185) Armitage, et al (1999) looks at exploring the curriculum and asks why our courses look the way they look, how they may have developed and how we can understand our courses better in order to help improve the quality of our student’s learning. It also covers definitions of ‘curriculum’ â€Å"The curriculum is a formal course of study as at a college, university or training provider† This is a definition with which I agree, or it is â€Å"†¦ he public form of attempting to put an educational idea into practice† which shows just a few diverse set of definitions. The definitions range from showing and making an impact to the teacher and training planning and also with the planning across my college. Key issues in defining ‘curriculum’ include statements of what is to be learned, pointers as to the outcomes of this learning and explanations about the vision behind the curriculum. It has begun to expose and con sider our own ideas about curriculum.Goodson (1994, quoted in Armitage, et al 1999) makes the interesting point that, while curriculum development and implementation have been written about by so many people, the more fundamental issues of curriculum definition, who constructs it, why and for who have been more neglected. This is something which I have often questioned myself. Wilson (2009) discusses the context of ‘Widening Participation’ within the curriculum and how in this design of curriculum the requirements of groups are and was then considered.In some cases Education may need to be taken into other settings and contexts such as prisons or detention centres, the curriculum would then need to be adapted to suit this particular group of learners. The curriculum of delivering say mechanicals such as curriculum that they offer within other colleges that I am now aware of, would need to be adapted in prison to take consideration and understanding of the tools and equi pment such as sharp pillar’s that may be involved.The work of Wilson (2009) emphasises the curriculum choices in the FE (Further Education) sector are now principally influenced by funding and that funding is now a strong need into how curriculum is given. The funding bodies’ research that sociality requires employment and social need. Coffined (2008, p44) suggests that â€Å"not everything demanded can be afforded â€Å"and argues the question â€Å"who is making the demand†.

Innovation Description of Rtc and the Outcome Essay

In my opinion, I prefer to describe RTC as a ‘Blue Sky Innovator’. The reason is that it is relatively autonomy from the Pfizer and the employees there enjoyed creative and flexible research environment. To some extent, it has worked successfully since it has created several drugs per year, and its managerial style has attracted many scientists to join it. It even provide free innovation network for all the sites of Pfizer. However, it has also put itself into a passive position, which resulted in many challenges. This is because it was fully founded by Pfizer, which make them has less authority to manage its employees, which made it hard to recruit new scientists from top universities like Cambridge. The other challenge is that they could not easily convince headquarters of Pfizer to try their new drugs or listen to their presentations. The final challenge is that the ambiguity of mission makes both leaders and employees confused of their goals, which may lead to unsucc essful future. Evaluation of RTC through an Organizational Criteria, Partnership In terms of its partnership, either with the corporation or the other research sites, RTC did quite well to some extent. On one hand, RTC has successfully provided new drugs to Pfizer, and also been trying hard to make closer relationship with Pfizer, by sending many leaders regularly to Pfizer and build personal relationship between the staff. This has made some progress, for example, Pfizer site will track weekly for the process of the projects in RTC, showing big interests of them. RTC has also built relationship with other sites. For example, the Strategic Alliance group and 11-member Research Informatics team, which provides RTC opportunities to work with other sites. On the other hand, it also suffered from these relationships. RTC has to avoid competing with them, which indicates they may miss many opportunities to enhance revenue. The other reason is mentioned above, which is that the passive part of this partnership between RTC and the corporation made it hard to recruit emp loyees or even stimulate them. Recommendation of the Models I recommend that Frank Drake pursue focus more on opportunities as an innovation and technology ‘pusher’. Since there is already one successful example, the ‘biotrove’ project, which could provide some experience of how to cooperate with the scholars and experts. Besides, it could help RTC to build independence from the corporation, as well as other sites. It could be explained as that if RTC did quite well in innovation and technology and market it well, then it could get contracts from the corporation easily. Moreover, if RTC keep trying to spread its awareness around the world, it could even attract cooperation from outside of the firm. As a result, they do not have to only depend on the cooperation with Pfizer to make profit. It could enhance self-control instead, which is good for recruiting and keeping employees. Maybe when RTC finished its step of becoming independent, it could begin to think of another way to grow its business.

Candle Making Basics

Candle Making Basics The use of candles for light and heat is known to have existed in ancient times. The remains of candles have been found in the caves of France. It is believed that cavemen used them while painting and etching on the walls. It is believed those candles where made out of animal fat. The Egyptians used candles as well by dripping beeswax onto leave stems. The burning process of a candle involves the four basic elements of matter which are solids, liquids, gas, and plasma. Today candle making is a fun hobby or craft. For some, it is a very profitable business venture. Candle making provides you with they ability to create wonderful designs and crafts out of your candles. There is no limit to the shapes, sizes, and colors you can make your candles in. A candle is a device to provide light or fragrance. Candles have become very popular for the wonderful aromas more than for their ability to produce light. Some candles give off a popular smell such as vanilla or jasmine. Others smell like a chocolate cake or cinnamon rolls. The body of a candle is generally made of paraffin wax. It can also be made out of beeswax. Paraffin wax is a natural wax that comes from plants. This wax can be purchased from Petroleum Refinery or the Specialty Wax Processor. Beeswax is also considered a natural wax, and is taken from honeybees. This is the substance the bees use to construct their honeycombs. A wick is placed in the center of the wax before it dries. The wick is made of cotton fibers that have been braided together. The wick is very thin, but also very powerful. Sometimes candle makers will use a wick that is wider than normal to increase the size of the flame. Safety is a very important part of candle making. The temperature of the hot wax can result in severe burns. There is also the risk of fire. Make sure your candle making area is set up properly and that you have a fire extinguisher in the area. Clean up spills quickly as they will become very slick, leading to falls if you walk across them. To make candle making fun instead of frustrating, start will making simple candles. This is a great opportunity for you to discover what works well with your set up and gives you the chance to make necessary changes. Initially, work at implementing good safety habits and melting your wax at the proper temperatures. You will also want to experiment with your cooling process. Once you have these areas down, you will start to relax and the process will become more natural to you. This is the right time to start experimenting with dyes, scents, and shapes for your candles. The candle making process is easy to follow if you take your time and learn from your mistakes. Those who are impatient and take multitasking to an extreme will most likely not enjoy the art of candle making. However, it is very enjoyable by those who have plenty of time to take with the process and who enjoy creating things. Candle making supplies aren’t expensive so use the best you can. This will also help ensure your candles form well and burn properly.

Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tui Na Massage and regular massage for Article

Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tui Na Massage and regular massage for the treatment of pediatric and adolescent issues - Article Example healing philosophies, approaches, and therapies that mainstream Western (conventional) medicine does not commonly use, accept, study, understand, or make available.† It also stated that CAM on its own can be an alternative to orthodox therapies or as a supplement to mainstream medicine whit the purpose of alleviating conditions and/ or promote healthy lifestyle. A good example of CAM would be Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) that has its beginnings in China for more than thousands of years. According to the National Institutes of Health, TCM â€Å" is considered is considered part of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in the United States†. TCM employs different treatments such as massage, herbal remedies, moxibustion, cupping and acupuncture. However, the purpose of this discussion to enlighten the public on the role of TCM in addressing pediatric and adolescents issues, particularly musculoskeletal problems. The developmental stage of childhood up to adolescence presents a challenge to Orthopedic practitioners. The National Center for Health Statistics, in its National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey in 2003 revealed that â€Å"no less than 8 million children under 20 musculoskeletal injuries in 2003 â€Å". It is no wonder then that childhood musculoskeletal injuries are seriously considered as a major problem by The American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS). The musculoskeletal problems can be grouped into two categories: congenital or developmental. Developmental conditions are usually attributed to injuries which stems from childhood obesity and lack of inactivity. On the other hand, excessive physical activity from sports activities can also cause problems. Moreover, diseases and infections can also contribute to the development of musculoskeletal problems in children and adolescents. For some years now, TCM has contributed in aiding pediatric cases as well as adolescents with musculoskeletal problems. The following areas of

Godzilla Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Godzilla - Movie Review Example However, at the same time, many critics claimed that Godzilla has not been up to the mark. The critical acclaim was posed against the production and cinematography. This makes it evident that modern version of Godzilla has covered the critical points to overcome critical acclaims. Most of the positive feedback that has been noted over the weeks is in terms of graphical work done for the film. Audiences have greatly enjoyed the audio and visual effects of the film. It is due to this reason that increased number of movie-goers made the film as a must watch. The film has been made with little emphasis on storyline and more action oriented. The rendering of action sequence is by far well done in this film which was not better in previous version of Godzilla (Edwards). Cinematography is yet another element of the film that has been able to gain a lot of attention. The main objective of films such as Godzilla is to make sure that their focused monsters are extremely horrible. This is exactly the case in the 2014th version of Godzilla where the monsters were given scariest look. Also, the ability of the heroic groups or the combating party was shown to be very less that rather increased interest of the audiences. It must be said that making the monster larger than life greatly worked for the film. In order to increase the intensity of damage that has been by the monster, the film’s production team made use of panoramic shots of the film that was damaged by the monster. Such details greatly made audiences to imagine the damage that could have been done in the real life by such monsters if they were real. One of the aspects that must be noticed is that the cast of the film is very interesting. The actors are fairly famous actors and actresses. However, the film storyline did not give much chance to the actors to play their respective roles with enhanced looks. Thus, it can be said that the film rather revolves around the monster

Marketers and the child consumer Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9500 words

Marketers and the child consumer - Thesis Example The paper tells that marketing to children has been of immense interest to marketers in recent times. Marketers use advertising to inform, communicate, persuade, entertain, and sell to the viewer. Children have become attractive markets not only because they can influence their parents’ purchase decision but also because they have their own income through jobs or allowances from parents. Their immense purchasing power has tempted the marketers to exploit the situation. Besides, certain characteristics such as repetition, branded characters, celebrity endorsements, and interesting production features enhance the importance of television as a medium. Advertisers use stealth marketing techniques and have started embedding or placing the product in movies or TV shows. They also use advergames where the tweens feel the flow of information. The fast food restaurants entice the vulnerable minds with the promise of a toy on their visit. Advertisers have also exploited the school arena to reach out to the children. Advertisements can be found on report cards, on school book covers, on school buses and the intention is to demonstrate their commitment to academic excellence. While there are debates and studies on how food advertising has led to increased incidences of obesity in tweens, there is no conclusive study to confirm this. However, advertising for children has certainly enhanced consumerism and the children feel they can decide what they want and when they want. Suddenly the children feel grown up and want to look and feel older. This may not be a positive impact as the childish innocence is lost a very early age. The study concludes the materialism and consumerism should not be promoted through advertisements directed at tweens. The appropriate marketing technique should contain relevant and important information about the product, its benefits and the potential adverse impact. Recommendations for further studies were made and limitations highlighted. Table of Contents Chapter I Introduction 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Rationale for the study 2 1.3 Research aims and objectives 3 1.4 Structure of the study 4 1.5 Significance of the study 5 Chapter II Literature review 2.1 Chapter overview 6 2.2 Definition of tweens 6 2.3 The child consumer 7 2.4 Media used for marketing to children 10 2.5 Marketing techniques used by advertisers 13 2.6 Impact of advertisements on children 15 Chapter III Methodology 3.1 Chapter Overview 17 3.2 Research Philosophy 17 3.3 Purpose of the research and phenomenon 17 3.4 Epistemology 17 3. 5 Research Strategy 19 3.6 Data collection 19 3.7 Justification for secondary data 20 3.8 Data analysis 20 3.9 Limitations 20 Chapter IV Findings 4.1 Chapter Overview 21 4.2 Cause of changes in tweens’ consumer behavior 21 4.3 Marketing techniques used by advertisers 22 4.4 Impact of advertising and marketing 26 4.5 Television as the most important medium 29 4.6 Discussions 29 Chapter V Conclusion & Recommendations 5.1 Conclusion 31 5.2 Recommendations 33 References 34 Tables & Figures Table 2.1 Media Channels that reach the tweens 11 Table 2.2 Media use by Tweens 12 Figure 4.1 Tweens shopping without parents 22 Figure 4.2 Pleasure & Fun 23 Figure 4.3 Excitement and surprise 26 Figure 4.4 Lollipop as a â€Å"popping candy† 26 Chapter I Introduction 1.1 Background Marketing to children has been of immense interest to marketers in recent times. Marketing campaigns have three-fold purpose –

Health and Safety of Onshore oil Well drilling (Unayzah well in Saudi Research Paper

Health and Safety of Onshore oil Well drilling (Unayzah well in Saudi Arabia) - Research Paper Example Therefore, the following are the major safety and health guidelines that should be adhered to, to safeguard the lives of those people involved in the activity and reduce the adverse environmental impacts that this activity can causes. Travelling to the Site Travelling to the site entails all the safety details that concern the whole journey process. Thus, the major step to ensuring safety, is to ensure that the drivers taking the drilling team to the site are licensed by the relevant authorities (ERDSG, 2005 p31). Considering that different machineries have different driving characteristics, every driver should be well experienced in handling particular machinery. The new drivers should be inducted with the help of the experienced drivers (SISG, 1993 p32). All the workers should understand the dimensions of the machinery they are handling, including their speed limits, length, width and load capacity. Before making the main journey, a pre-trip test should be done to verify that all t he machineries are in good condition (ERDSG, 2005 33). Certification Requirements The drilling team should determine the required permits and certification by the relevant authority such as the local, state or the federal authorities. The team should prepare the necessary applications and submit the documents required by the authorities, which include excavation permits, work permits for the agency and the facility, as well as site permits (SRDWR, 2004 p25). The lead driller is then provided with the necessary permits to indicate that the drilling activity can commence (GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, 1976 p32). Having obtained the certifications and permits, the lead driller or the acting leader should verify that every aspect of drilling process has been approved to enhance the legal backing of the drilling procedure. Having obtained the certifications, the led driller can mobilize the team for the purpose of fencing off the facility where drilling is to be undertaken (SRDWR, 2004 p33). Person al Protective Equipments All the employees contracted for the purpose of the drilling activity should wear personal protective equipments (GWD, 6). The employees should wear hard hats and steel toed boots at all times they are operating on the work site. Workers should also wear reflective clothing, safety glasses or welding lids at all times, depending on the section in which they are operating (GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, 1976 p36). While the safety glasses protect the eyes of the workers, the reflective clothing ensures that all workers are visible on the worksite. Workers should always wear hand gloves for protecting their hands, while also ensuring to wear hearing protection (SISG, 1993 p44). This serves to protect the employees from hand or hearing damage. Additionally, when the workers are operating grinders, they should wear a full face shield on top of the safety glasses, to ensure that they are fully covered against eye and face damage (GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, 1976 p30). Fire Risk Fire risk is the most eminent thing in an oil well drilling site. Therefore, reasonable measures should be undertaken to mitigate this risk. The work site where welding, cutting or grinding is involved should be equipped with sufficient ABC types of fire extinguishers (GWD, 3). The fire extinguishers should be assessed and tested for proper functionality and operability before working on the site commences.

Compare and contrast the lives of Plato and Malcom X Essay

Compare and contrast the lives of Plato and Malcom X - Essay Example This according to Plato is very essential because it will make them experts in that particular field, which would indeed benefit the society. (www.infed.org ) Malcolm X was a great political figure in America and was an advocate for voicing the concerns of the Black American’s. According to Malcolm X he felt that, education is the most primary requirement for any individual without which, they would not be able to make any progress in the world. Indeed he felt that, educated individuals can take themselves into the future with greater confidence. Learning according to Plato and Malcolm X As per Plato he felt that learning is only a form of recollection. Plato was of the view that, the human soul is well aware of all universal facts and that for any person seeking knowledge, they only need to do a form of recollection. Indeed Plato felt the real need for people to reason out the things that they come across in day today life. This was because he felt that the majority of humans were leading a life that was totally closed and chained, which could not reveal the truth that existed in the world. This message is being beautifully passed onto the readers by Plato who asks the people to search for this truth, which is hidden in the universe. (www.infed.org ) Malcolm X on the other hand never wanted to stop learning all through his life. He felt that learning is a continuous process and that each person had to have a good primary education and should always go in for higher studies if they get a chance to do so. He himself felt very unhappy for having had to stop his school education and all through his life had an urge to continue with his education. He started life as one being at the bottom of the society, which was much dominated by the American whites. But Malcolm X through his ability grew from a troubled initial childhood to become one of America’s topmost political figures. (www.leader-values.com) Influence of Socrates on Plato Socrates had a prof ound influence on Plato. Plato had become one of the most important students of Socrates and it is only through Plato’s writings that, much of Socrates teachings about philosophy come to light. It was Plato who recorded most of Socrates conversations with others and presented it before the world, to show the wisdom of his beloved teacher. Indeed Socrates death brought so much of grief to Plato, that he devoted his entire life for the teaching of philosophy and to spread Socrates teachings. Thus Plato started his own school for philosophical teachings for the young men, which was named as The Academy that became the most important centre for Greek learning. (www.infed.org ) Influence of Bimbi on Malcolm X Malcolm X got much of his inspiration from a prison mate by name Bimbi. Malcolm X was so much attracted and influenced by Bimbi, since the latter had a wonderful ability to dominate any form of discussion through his speech as well as by means of his ideas. Indeed this had be come one of the turning points in Malcolm’s life and the inspiration that he acquired from Bimbi, turned to a great motivating force which made him a very powerful political figure in America. (www.allisonj.org ) Leadership Skills of Plato and Malcolm X Plato was a great leader and had many followers. He inspired many of his later students by his leadership skills whom he taught in The Academy. Among them Aristotle became one of the students who became greatly influenced by Plato’

Document Imaging Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Document Imaging - Research Paper Example With the advancement in science and technology, document imaging concept has become one of the most effective and essential concept, which has helped business organizations as an official communication intermediary in modern civilization. The concept of document imaging has been introduced in the business in order to minimize the physical effort of human. It has been observed that the traditional methods of storing paper and records required a higher rate of effort to manage the entire document imaging process. Moreover, it has been observed that more difficulties arise during the distributing and finding process. It can be further asserted that with the growing number of files, the difficulties in managing them also increased accompanied with significant time and effort consumption. The actual purpose of developing this document image process is to perform business operations quickly and efficiently. Similarly the imaging document concepts also help to analysis and compare several d ata, information and messages at a time. According to the observation, it has been identified that document imaging transforms paper documents into electronic images format, which has helped individuals and business organizations to perform their business task easily and efficiently. The document imaging process can take many forms such as document scanner, multifunction peripheral (MFP), fax machine and other scanning device among others (Hewahi et al, n.d.). It has observed that during the early 21th century the concept of document imaging has been used by modern civilization in order to collect, capture, and store information, images and characters for business or individual operational purpose. During the early historic period it has been observed, that human used to architect historical matters in a hand scripted documents for their memoirs such as declaration of independence, the constitution and Bill of right among others. Thus, it can be apparently

Negotiations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Negotiations - Essay Example This was the case of a miner who lost his boots at work, and the managers did not agree to lend him a pair or even buy him a new pair. The non-compliance by the shift boss led to a dispute of interests and led the employee to go on strike. Ury, et.al, (1988) explain that a dispute starts when a claim or demand is made and is generally based on a need or aspiration. In the case where the miner complained of the lost boots, he was in directly expecting the company to take responsibility and to remedy the issue, however due to the rejection, this led to a dispute (Ury, Brett, & Goldberg, 1988). Here this led to a conflict of interests, i.e. the interest of the miner was to get back his pair of boots, while the interest of the shift boss was not to spend extra as the company cannot be held liable for the loss of property. Interests are the needs, desires, concerns, and fears, basically, the things that an individual cares about or wants. Reconciliation of such interests is the key and is the most concerning aspect of any negotiation. Here these can lead to creative solutions, or making trade- offs, or even concessions. The crux is to reach to an agreement. However, not all the negotiations are a means to reach an agreement. Some negotiations are focused on reconciling of interests, while others on determining who is right and a few others are based on who is more powerful (Lewicki, Barry, & Saunders, 2010). However, there are a number of negotiations which is a mix of all three of the elements, i.e. to satisfy the interests, discussion of rights and also focus on the power of the parties involved. In the case that the negotiations are focused on a single aspect, then they are referred to as, either, ‘interest-based’, ‘rights-based’, or ‘power-based’ (Lewicki, Saunders, Minton, & Barry, 2010). The relationship of the three can be understood better in the form of concurrent circles, with the inner most circle being interest, the outer circle being rights and the outer most circle being power (see figure below). (Ury, Brett, & Goldberg, 1988) The diagram clearly explains that any reconciliation of interests is basically within the rights and power of the parties. Similarly, the determination of the rights is based on the levels of power. The three are interrelated and the overall resolution of a dispute can have a continuous shift between the interests, rights or power (Lewicki, Barry, & Saunders, 2010). Each of the three has a different impact on the overall costs, satisfaction and also the outcomes. There are four possible criteria in every negotiation. a) The transaction costs, i.e. the cost of the overall negotiation. In the case of the Boots dispute, it would have been better for the shift boss to resolve the dispute without the strike. The escalated issue of strike, simply led the overall costs to increase to a great extent (Brett, 2007). b) Outcome satisfaction is another crucial element that needs t o be considered. Here the outcome was not to satisfaction for the business, or the employee alike. The business was faced with loss of money, while the employee did not receive a new pair of boots. However the employee was satisfied as this allowed him to vent out the anger. c) Impact on relationships, is the next crucial criteria. Negotiations are a part of day to day life (Lewicki, Barry, & Saunders, 2010). With the type of negotiation chosen, there can be an impact on the ove

Explore the theme of escapism in Peter Pan Essay Example for Free

Explore the theme of escapism in Peter Pan Essay The theme of escapism is prominent in much childrens literature. Frances Hodgson-Burnetts The Secret Garden is, like Peter Pan, an example of Edwardian childrens literature. Both these novels are tales of escapism from real life into another world. There are also more recent examples of escapism in childrens literature. In the 1950s C. S. Lewis invented Narnia, and in even more recent literature, Harry Potter escapes his everyday life to go to school at Hogwarts. J. M. Barries Peter Pan, an early Edwardian novel, is one of the great classics of British childrens literature and is, on the surface, a tale about a boy who refused to grow up. There is however, an underlying plot concerning a girl who must grow up. It is from this obligation that Barries Neverland acts as a form of escape. Throughout Peter Pan, there is little focus on the female characters. It is almost assumed that Wendy will grow up and become a Mother, as all daughters do. Although Neverland allows Wendy to escape from her home and from the domestic world she knows, she does not escape domesticity altogether. She almost becomes mother to the Lost Boys, and is given a number of domestic duties such as ironing Peters shadow. However, Wendys relationship with Peter is not entirely conventional. She appears to be the closest thing Peter has to a girlfriend, as he rejects the sexual advances of both Tinkerbell and Tiger Lily. However, Wendy also appears to be acting as his mother, something Peter has been deprived of his whole life. It is the childish energy of Barries imagination filled with such a splendid jumble of pirates, redskins, fairies and mermaids that enthrals so many children (Carpenter p172). Through this manipulation of other peoples minds and emotions, Barrie carries them off from the real world to a country of his own invention (Carpenter p179). Barrie seems to be presenting his readers with a substitute faith, to act as a form of escape from the Christian teachings of the Victorian era. It has even been suggested that Peter Pan is in fact an alternative religion. Humphrey Carpenter suggests that in many respects Peter is Christ-like. Possibly the most obvious example of this is when he takes Wendy and her brothers on a flight of fantasy to his own heavenly land (Carpenter p182). The Lost Boys who live there seem to represent the souls of the dead as Peter asserts, They are the children who fall out of their prams when the nurse is looking the other way, therefore further increasing Neverlands resemblance of heaven. The concept of escaping to heaven was extremely important to Barrie. He lost his brother David at a young age and subsequently spent much of his life trying to become a living version of the boy who by dying remained ever young (Wallshli ger p120). To observe Peter and Hook as the Christ and Satan of Barries religion, the reader must have faith in the novel. The theme of belief is interesting throughout Peter Pan as the reader is, like the Darling children, constantly being asked, Do you believe? In order to fly, the Darling children must have faith, and think lovely wonderful thoughts, as Peters fairy dust is, in itself not enough. In turn the reader or audience must have faith and believe in the fact that a child can fly. Similarly, in order to escape to Neverland, a reader must have faith that there is such a place somewhere past the second star to the right and straight on until morning. The theme of belief is particularly important at the end of Barries story when the darling children lose their faith and no longer believe in Peter, and so cannot see him. Though faith and belief are important in Peter Pan, the dream of escaping to another world seems to be almost self-sufficient. Barrie implies there is little need to grow up or awaken from this dream as it is in fact already framed by the Edwardian domesticity of the real world where wealth and relationships are important. Carpenter in fact goes further than this by asserting that children must not grow up and claims that to visit Neverland requires an act of belief that children cannot sustain as they grow up (Carpenter p180). Peter himself seems to be of the opinion that it is only children, who can escape the drudgery of everyday life and claims, I want always to be a little boy, and to have fun. Barries adventure story and his creation of such a magical hero seems to have achieved what so much childrens literature had previously tried to do. Peter represents the shift from the Victorian perception of the child as a moral icon to a craze for the child as a fun-loving playboy hero (Wallshli ger p111). Peter has no memory or emotion, and so can live only for the moment and experiences ecstasies that other children can never know (Wallshli ger p117). Peter is an asexual child rather than a young man. Barrie himself was also somewhat sexless, and it is doubtful whether his marriage was ever consummated. This lack of sexuality and romantic relationship is represented well on stage as Peter is often played by an actress, and is therefore viewed as an androgynous figure. Another interesting aspect of the casting of Peter Pan is that of Mr. Darling and Hook, who traditionally, are played by the same actor. This becomes particularly significant when considering the theme of masculinity in Peter Pan. There is much evidence of male competitiveness in the novel. The most obvious example of this is Peters dual with Hook, which appears to be an assertion of masculinity by Peter. It is particularly interesting that it is Peter and the lost boys who triumph over Hook who is a mature villain. This youthful triumph acts as another form of escape for a young reader. Traditionally in Victorian society adults were in control and would have power over children. In Barries Childrens fantasy, it is youth and sexual immaturity that enable Peter to triumph over his adult rivals. It has been suggested by many critics that Peter, The boy who wouldnt grow up, is a representation of Barrie himself. Barrie was a short man and despite a moustache retained a markedly boyish look until old age (Carpenter p173). He was in a physical respect, quite literally, a boy who couldnt grow up. This figure of a man in a childs body is undoubtedly the principle model for Peter, who is neither child nor adult (Carpenter p177).

Play and sportsmanship Essay Example for Free

Play and sportsmanship Essay In my opinion a sport in which levels of fair play and sportsmanship have totally been abandoned is American Football. With the amount of spectators the game gets, the coaches and chairpersons of the clubs like to put out their best players every game. Regardless of their physical health. There are countless times that players have been seen to go off with horrific groin strains and shoulder injuries, but the medical staff and coaches put them right back onto the pitch doped up with huge amounts of pain killers and drugs that will affect their performance. If a player of a sport that has the nature of American football, (being very physical and tough) goes on the pitch to play hyped up on pain killers then are clearly going to perform differently to that of a player who plays with spirit and strength. The other thing about this sport is the way in which each team is always reading the lips of the other teams coach to see what their next move is about to be. Surely if the oppositions know each others moves all the time then the fairness of the sport is lost. Todays top athletes all use dietitions, health advisors and personal trainers to become the best at their particular sport. They all use performance enhancing techniques to improve their sporting ability and performance in competition. But is this against the Sportsmanship/Gamesmanship theory? With the production of illegal performance enhancing dugs being more and more common in the sporting environment of today , the governing bodies for the particular sports are having more and more trouble detecting whether athletes have used illegal stimulants to help them to train. To conclude. In todays sporting world. Nations will use sport as a platform for political power. This can sometimes lead to sportsmanship being thrown aside and made way for other styles of gaming like gamesmanship. In my own opinion sportsmanship is still strong in many of todays sports and athletes, but if the values of sportsmanship are not upheld, by the governing bodies of the sport, such as the FA then the sport is likely to become worse to be a spectator of and less fair to play in. If the bodies who govern the game do not maintain strong levels of justice and fair play within their own rulings then players will become less sportsmanship and the levels of the sports fair play will drop.

Impact of IMF Funding on Pakistans economy

Impact of IMF Funding on Pakistans economy Introduction The funding by International Monetary Fund (IMF) to developing countries has always raised a debate on its positive and negative impacts on the economy of the creditor country. Pakistan has an extended history of funding from IMF starting from 1958 to 2004 in various time spans and now the current agreement from 2008. This study analyzes the impact of IMF funding on Pakistan. Although there has been criticism regarding both issues of policies and the funding impact but the focus of this research is to study the impacts and not to discuss or criticize the policies of IMF. The IMF works to foster global growth and economic stability. It provides policy advice and financing to members in economic difficulties and also works with developing nations to help them achieve macroeconomic stability and reduce poverty. It is working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world. Although monetary fund provides financial assistance to the developing countries but its role in economic prosperity has been highly criticized from the last few years due to its strict policies and restrictions imposed on the borrower country. Under current agreement, IMF imposes 11 main conditions on Pakistan which includes: introduction of the Central Excise Duty on service and agricultural sector, reduction in the expenditures on Public Sector Development Program, devaluation of rupee, freezing of non-development expenditure under the defense budget, non-provision of supplementary grants to government departments, ending subsidy on gas and electricity, reduction in non-development expenditure of civil departments and federal ministries, increase in markup rate of banks and on inter-bank transactions, uniformity in the inter-bank and open market dollar exchange rate and stoppage of government financial intervention in stock markets. The main aim of IMF behind imposition of policies is to increase the revenues of the borrower country. But some studies reveal that it affects the economy both directly and indirectly. Directly it imposes impact in the sense of control of certain variables on which it put restrictions and indirectly with regard to the relationship of these variables with other macroeconomic driving variables that drives the economic growth. The matter here is not the IMF funding but the policy impositions that could impact the economic growth. IMF provides funds for the three major areas, to reduce deficit of fiscal account and current account and to increase the revenues. The question here arises that whether the increase in taxes, elimination of subsidies and development projects will help boost the economy or causes the real GDP to fall from the expected value through increased inflation. An extensive research has been done to address the issue of IMF policies and impact on economy of the borrower country but there are conflicting results derived by different researchers due to particular conditions related to that country, the researches that tried to study all countries under IMF program also reveals contradicting results. This study focuses specifically on Pakistan so that particular effects could be revealed that IMF funding is pouring on Pakistans economy. Problem statement The problem statement of research is Impact of IMF funding on Pakistans economy. Major variables that are used in this study include IMF funds and macro economic variables that are the indicators of an economy i.e. real GDP, employment rate, current account balance, balance of payments and FDI. Objectives The objectives of our study are: To study how IMF funding is putting its effect on economy of Pakistan. To reveal that whether there is any significant relationship between IMF funding and economic growth and if there is a relationship then whether it is positive or negative. To draw conclusion and make recommendations through analysis that whether Pakistan should borrow from IMF or seek other ways of borrowing Significance Although a number of studies have addresses the stated issue but these researches mostly carried out aggregate affect taking into account all the countries under IMF program. The Research that we are going to conduct will try to find out impact of IMF funding on economic growth in particular scenario of Pakistan. Delimitation Our scope of study will be limited to the impacts on Pakistan economy. More over the variable that we will use for analysis of economic growth will be only major macroeconomic variables which are majorly contributing towards the growth factor. In our study we are not considering the political instability and inconsistency in the prevailing policies and other social environmental issues that could impact economic growth side by side. Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature This chapter includes the work done in the same area by other researchers. It put a glance on studies of some of the researchers along with their proposed conclusions Literature review IMF funding has been one of the most debated issues from the last few years in terms of its policies, restrictions and its impact on the economy of countries under IMF programs. A number of studies have been done in this regard. However the results of these studies are contradicting making this issue still debatable. Recent studies have produced mixed and sometimes puzzling results regarding the impact of IMF programs on a nations balance of payments, current account balance, foreign direct investment, real GDP, per capita income and long-run economic growth. Martin Feldstein (1998) argues that the IMF required excessively large reductions in government deficits and restrictions on monetary policy. These restrictions resulted in substantial increases in tax rates, interest rates and increase in current account deficit. Feldstein argues that Asian economies have experienced a recession that worsened their economic problems as a result of these policy changes. Feldstein argues that many of the mandated reforms involve unjustified interference with national autonomy and have little or no relationship to the goal of resolving the payment problem. He notes that it would have been better to allow more time for negotiations between borrowers and lenders before providing IMF loans to a country experiencing payment problems. Ho: There is no significant Impact on the current account deficit by increasing Government Expenditure through IMF Funding. H5: There is significant Impact on the current account deficit by increasing Government Expenditure through IMF Funding. Doug Bandow (1999) argues that the existence of IMF bailouts creates a moral hazard problem that encourages countries to not solve their fundamental problems. He suggests that all nations would benefit if healthy economies quarantined sick economies instead of providing economic assistance. Bandow argues that IMF assistance programs increase risk for healthy economies and do not provide long-term benefits for troubled economies. He notes that most IMF borrowers have received aid for a decade or more. Jensen (2004) suggests that international capital markets perceive IMF intervention as a negative development. Regardless of factors driving their decisions, Jensens research provides strong evidence that developing countries pay a serious price when they take advantage of IMF assistance. His research strongly reveals a negative relationship between IMF funding and foreign direct investment in the country. According to him investors dont perceive this funding in a positive way that why reducing net investment level in the country and as a result hindering economic growth. For impact of IMF on FDI following hypothesis is developed: Ho: There is no significant Impact on the FDI by increasing Government Expenditure through IMF Funding. H1: There is significant Impact on the FDI by increasing Government Expenditure through IMF Funding. On the other hand there are a number of researchers like Dicks Mireaux (2000), who have found strongly positive economic growth effects of IMF funding. These researches found that there is appositive impact of IMF funding on the economy. While there are also studies which concluded that are no significant effects of IMF on the economy of a country under IMF agreement like, Hardoy(2003) and Hutchison (2004), who argue that IMF funding does not pour any significant impact on the economy of the borrower country. Mireaux argue that economy grows due to the increased tax revenues. Following hypothesis has been developed between tax revenue and IMF funding. Ho: There is no significant Impact on the Tax Revenue by increasing Government Expenditure through IMF Funding. H3: There is significant Impact on the Tax Revenue by increasing Government Expenditure through IMF Funding. Nunnenkamp(1999) in his article discussed that IMF is under serious attack as critics blame that IMF lending lead to financial crisis and suggests to stop IMF funding also the researcher discussed the consequences of ending the lending ODriscoll (1997) in his article has conducted the descriptive research about the IMF policies towards developing countries by keeping the focus on USA economy. The Policy making of IMF for the developing countries are without any backing of historical decisions taken by the developing countries in past. Thus the financial crises and current account deficit crises is mainly attributed to such policy making. The researcher has give example of Asia in which case the above discussion is particularly true which roots in 1995. The IMFs handling of the Mexico crisis firmly established moral hazard in international lending and sowed the seeds for the Asian crisis. Thus far, IMF policy in Asia largely repeats the policy mistakes in Mexico.   Gina (2007) indicates in his article that the reforms enacted by Congress in USA are an important first step toward reforming the IMF. Even more important than the reforms, however, was the congressional debate over IMF funding. That debate focused attention on the process and Substance of IMF policymaking and even questioned the need for that organization in the post-Bretton Woods world. Przeworski and Vreeland (2000) Using a bivariate, dynamic version of the Heckman selection model, we estimate the effect of participation in International Monetary Fund IMF programs on economic growth. We find evidence that governments enter into agreements with the IMF under the pressures of a foreign reserves crisis but they also bring in the Fund to shield themselves from the political costs of adjustment policies. Program participation lowers growth rates for as long as countries remain under a program. Once countries leave the program, they grow faster than if they had remained, but not faster than they would have without participation. So for the relation between IMF and GDP following hypothesis are developed: Ho: There is no significant Impact on the GDP by increasing Government Expenditure through IMF Funding. H1: There is significant Impact on the GDP by increasing Government Expenditure through IMF Funding. The estimates of Barroa Lee (2005) shows that a higher IMF loan-participation rate reduces economic growth. IMF lending does not have significant effects on investment, inflation, employment, government consumption, and international openness. However, IMF loan participation has small negative effects on democracy and the rule of law. Ho: There is no significant Impact on the Employment by increasing Government Expenditure through IMF Funding. H2: There is significant Impact on the Employment by increasing Government Expenditure through IMF Funding. Chapter 3 Research Methodology This chapter includes the theoretical model, data collection technique and methodology approach used for the analysis Theoretical model Economic Growth Real GDP IMF Funding Employment FDI RRevenue Current Account Balance Data collection Secondary source for the data collection has been used in this research. For this purpose most of the data will be collected from the Economic Survey of Pakistan, international monetary fund web site and state bank of Pakistan website. The dependant variables that have been used to analyze the economic growth include: balance of payment, current account balance, real GDP, rate of employment and foreign direct investment. These are the major variables that are the determinants of economic growth of a country. The independent variable is the amount of funding by IMF. Data analysis Regression analysis is used for analyzing the impact of IMF funding on Pakistans economy. Data is analyzed using SPSS. Data for the IMF funding in Pakistan is in detail below:   YEARS IMF FUNDING 1973-1974 527 1974-75 1990 1975-76 1987 1976-77 2497 1977-78 232 1978-79 3406 1979-80 644 1980-81 3789 1981-82 6079 1982-83 7266 1983-84 2812 2000-01 35400 2001-02 65460 Chapter 4 Data Presentation and Findings This chapter includes the data which has been used for the analysis, analyzed results and the findings that follow through the analysis Data presentation and findings Following is the detailed data used for the analysis and the findings of the regression analysis. The data is presented separately for each variable used as the measure of economic growth of the country. IMF funding and GDP Data Analysis for First Hypothesis Ho: There is no significant Impact on the GDP by increasing Government Expenditure through IMF Funding. H1: There is significant Impact on the GDP by increasing Government Expenditure through IMF Funding. IMF FUNDING GDP 1974 527 38439 1974-75 1990 39930 1975-76 1987 41229 1976-77 2497 42401 1977-78 232 45679 1978-79 3406 48204 1979-80 644 51736 1980-81 3789 55048 1981-82 6079 59012 1982-83 7266 62975 1983-84 2812 65968 2000-01 35400 180500 2001-02 65460 212200 Findings: To test the hypothesis, linear regression analysis used. The results of regression of One independent Variable (IMF Funding) against GDP (dependent variable) can be seen in the following output. Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .971 .943 .937 14025.2195 a Predictors: (Constant), IMF FUNDING ANOVA Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 35481741865.974 1 35481741865.974 180.379 .000 Residual 2163774597.718 11 196706781.611 Total 37645516463.692 12 a Predictors: (Constant), IMF FUNDING b Dependent Variable: GDP Coefficients Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. Model B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 43492.601 4451.563 9.770 .000 IMF 2.861 .213 .971 13.431 .000 a Dependent Variable: GDP Interpretation of analysis The ANOVA table shows that the F value of 180.379 is significant at the .000 levels. Degree of Freedom column in the table, the first number represent the number of Independent Variable (1) the second number (13) is the data collected for total number of years (N), minus the number of Independent Variable (K) minus 1 or 11=(N-K-1) or (13-1-1)= 12. The F statistics produce (F= 180.379) is significant at the .000 levels. Which shows that Model validity is significant at 0.000 level of significance. What the result mean is that 94.3 percent of variance (R square) in increase in GDP has been significantly explained by increasing Government Expenditure by way of IMF Funding (Independent variable) with standard error of estimate of 14025.2195. Standard error of estimate shows amount falls outside the regression line or shows standard deviation from mean. There is .000 percent or less chance of this is not holding true. There is correlation of 0.971 (denoted as r=0.971) between IMF Funding (Independent variable) and GDP (dependent variable) with level of significance 0.000. so there is positive relationship between the two variables and probability of this is not true is zero percent or less. That is 100 percent of time we would expect that this correlation to exist. There is a beta value of 0.971, which shows that 97.1 percent chance of making TYPE II error if null hypothesis is accepted when it is false. At the same time Un standardized coefficient B= 2.861 indicates that the valu e of GDP increase by 2.861 unit for a one unit increase in Government Expenditure by IMF Funding. What the result mean is that t value 13.431 significant at 0.000. Thus hypothesis 1 is substantiated. IMF funding and employment rate Data Analysis for Second Hypothesis Ho: There is no significant Impact on the Employment by increasing Government Expenditure through IMF Funding. H2: There is significant Impact on the Employment by increasing Government Expenditure through IMF Funding. YEARS IMF FUNDING EMPLOYMENT 1973-1974 527 19.76 1974-75 1990 20.3 1975-76 1987 21.08 1976-77 2497 21.89 1977-78 232 22.73 1978-79 3406 23.62 1979-80 644 24.15 1980-81 3789 24.7 1981-82 6079 25.27 1982-83 7266 25.85 1983-84 2812 26.4 2000-01 35400 37.51 2001-02 65460 38.29 Findings: To test the hypothesis, linear regression analysis used. The results of regression of One independent Variable (IMF Funding) against Employment (dependent variable) can be seen in the following output. Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .912 .832 .817 2.5175 a Predictors: (Constant), IMF Funding ANOVA Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 345.318 1 345.318 54.485 .000 Residual 69.717 11 6.338 Total 415.035 12 a Predictors: (Constant), IMF Funding b Dependent Variable: EMPLOYMENT Coefficients Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. Model B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 22.636 .799 28.328 .000 IMF 2.823E-04 .000 .912 7.381 .000 a Dependent Variable: EMPLOYMENT Interpretation of analysis The ANOVA table shows that the F value of 54.485 is significant at the .000 levels. Degree of Freedom column in the table, the first number represent the number of Independent Variable (1) the second number (13) is the data collected for total number of years (N), minus the number of Independent Variable (K) minus 1 or 11=(N-K-1) or (13-1-1)= 12. The F statistics produce (F= 54.485) is significant at the .000 levels. Which shows that Model validity is significant at 0.000 level of significance. What the result mean is that 83.2 percent of variance (R square) in increase in Employment has been significantly explained by increasing Government Expenditure by way of IMF Funding (Independent variable) with standard error of estimate of 2.5175. Standard error of estimate shows amount falls outside the regression line or shows standard deviation from mean. There is .000 percent or less chance of this is not holding true. There is correlation of 0.912 (denoted as r=0.912) between IMF Funding (Independent variable) and Employment (dependent variable) with level of significance 0.000. So there is positive relationship between the two variables and probability of this is not true is zero percent or less. That is 100 percent of time we would expect that this correlation to exist. There is a beta value of 0.912, which shows that 91.2 percent chance of making TYPE II error if null hypothesis is accepted when it is false. At the same time Un standardized coefficient B= 0.00283 indicates t hat the value of Employment increase by 0.00283 unit for a one unit increase in Government Expenditure by IMF Funding. What the result mean is that t value 7.381 significant at 0.000. Thus hypothesis 2 is substantiated. IMF funding and tax revenue Data Analysis for Third Hypothesis Ho: There is no significant Impact on the Tax Revenue by increasing Government Expenditure through IMF Funding. H3: There is significant Impact on the Tax Revenue by increasing Government Expenditure through IMF Funding. YEARS IMF FUNDING TAX REVENUE 1973-1974 527 9,444.00 1974-75 1990 11,428.70 1975-76 1987 13,914.80 1976-77 2497 16,112.50 1977-78 232 20,041.10 1978-79 3406 23,475.70 1979-80 644 30,720.40 1980-81 3789 36,509.30 1981-82 6079 40,367.60 1982-83 7266 46,475.00 1983-84 2812 55,360.00 2000-01 35400 444,800.00 2001-02 65460 486,000.00 Findings : To test the hypothesis, linear regression analysis used. The results of regression of One independent Variable (IMF Funding) against Tax Revenue (dependent variable) can be seen in the following output. Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .958 .917 .910 49565.7061 a Predictors: (Constant), IMF FUNDING ANOVA Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 300517013184.665 1 300517013184.665 122.323 .000 Residual 27024351475.824 11 2456759225.075 Total 327541364660.489 12 a Predictors: (Constant), IMF b Dependent Variable: TAX REVENUE Coefficients Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. Model B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 10370.086 15732.008 .659 .523 IMF 8.326 .753 .958 11.060 .000 a Dependent Variable: TAX REVENUE Interpretation of analysis The ANOVA table shows that the F value of 122.323 is significant at the .000 levels. Degree of Freedom column in the table, the first number represent the number of Independent Variable (1) the second number (13) is the data collected for total number of years (N), minus the number of Independent Variable (K) minus 1 or 11=(N-K-1) or (13-1-1)= 12. The F statistics produce (F= 122.323) is significant at the .000 levels. Which shows that Model validity is significant at 0.000 level of significance. What the result mean is that 91.7 percent of variance (R square) in increase in Tax Revenue has been significantly explained by increasing Government Expenditure by way of IMF Funding (Independent variable) with standard error of estimate of 49565.7061. Standard error of estimate shows amount falls outside the regression line or shows standard deviation from mean. There is .000 percent or less chance of this is not holding true. There is correlation of 0.958 (denoted as r=0.958) between IMF Funding (Independent variable) and Tax Revenue (dependent variable) with level of significance 0.000. So there is positive relationship between the two variables and probability of this is not true is zero percent or less. That is 100 percent of time we would expect that this correlation to exist. There is a beta value of .958, which shows that 95.8 percent chance of making TYPE II error if null hypothesis is accepted when it is false. At the same time Un standardized coefficient B= 8.362 indicate s that the value of Tax Revenue increase by 8.326 unit for a one unit increase in Government Expenditure by IMF Funding. What the result mean is that t value 11.060 significant at 0.000. Thus hypothesis 3 is substantiated. IMF funding and FDI Ho: There is no significant Impact on the FDI by increasing Government Expenditure through IMF Funding. H1: There is significant Impact on the FDI by increasing Government Expenditure through IMF Funding. YEARS IMF FUNDING FDI 1973-1974 527 -189 1974-75 1990 447 1975-76 1987 675 1976-77 2497 321 1977-78 232 1065 1978-79 3406 1080 1979-80 644 840 1980-81 3789 1225 1981-82 6079 3430 1982-83 7266 1473.5 1983-84 2812 1680 2000-01 35400 19995 2001-02 65460 30051.4 Findings : To test the hypothesis, linear regression analysis used. The results of regression of One independent Variable (IMF Funding) against FDI (dependent variable) can be seen in the following output. Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .991 .982 .981 1290.1947 a Predictors: (Constant), IMF ANOVA Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 1010046942.200 1 1010046942.200 606.780 .000 Residual 18310625.532 11 1664602.321 Total 1028357567.732 12 a Predictors: (Constant), IMF b Dependent Variable: FDI Coefficients Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. Model B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) -128.350 409.504 -.313 .760 IMF .483 .020 .991 24.633 .000 a Dependent Variable: FDI Interpretation of analysis The ANOVA table shows that the F value of 606.780 is significant at the .000 levels. Degree of Freedom column in the table, the first number represent the number of Independent Variable (1) the second number (13) is the data collected for total number of years (N), minus the number of Independent Variable (K) minus 1 or 11=(N-K-1) or (13-1-1)= 12. The F statistics produce (F= 606.780) is significant at the .000 levels. Which shows that Model validity is significant at 0.000 level of significance. What the result mean is that 98.2 percent of variance (R square) in increase in FDI has been significantly explained by increasing Government Expenditure by way of IMF Funding (Independent variable) with standard error of estimate of 1290.1947. Standard error of estimate shows amount falls outside the regression line or shows standard deviation from mean. There is .000 percent or less chance of this is not holding true. There is correlation of 0.991 (denoted as r=0.991) between IMF Funding (Independent variable) and FDI (dependent variable) with level of significance 0.000. So there is positive relationship between the two variables and probability of this is not true is zero percent or less. That is 100 percent of time we would expect that this correlation to exist. There is a beta value of 0.991, which shows that 99.1 percent chance of making TYPE II error if null hypothesis is accepted when it is false. At the same time Un standardized coefficient B= .483 indicates that the value of FDI increase by .483 unit for a one unit increase in Government Expenditure by IMF Funding. What the result mean is that t value 24.633 significant at 0.000. Thus hypothesis 4 is substantiated. IMF funding and current account deficit Data Analysis for Fifth Hypothesis Ho: There is no significant Impact on the FDI by increasing Government Expenditure through IMF Funding. H5: There is significant Impact on the FDI by increasing Government Expenditure through IMF Funding. YEARS IMF FUNDING CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT 1973-1974 527 3318 1974-75 1990 10639 1975-76 1987 9212 1976-77 2497 11718 1977-78 232 14835 1978-79

Community Service Essay -- Humanitarian Organizations Essays

Community Service People complain everyday about the problems in this world. One of my complaints is about people who complain! I have a high respect for those who take actions to try to solve these problems. One major group which has to solve problems this is internationally recognized is Rotary International. Another group with similar goals is The Ruritan Foundation. Both of these groups have a website used by people all over the world to communicate information about their organization and how people can get involved. Ruritan focuses on the loval community and serving on a much smaller scale than Rotary. For Rotary, an overall emphasis is made on international service needs and diversity among people, as well as advancing global awareness about issues. There are more ignorant people out there than you may think. According to the main website, www.rotary.org., "Rotary International is an organization of business and professional leaders united worldwide who provide humanitarian service, encourage high ehtical standards in all vocations, and help huild good will and peace in the world." Rotarians devote their lives so much to humanity that its motto is "Service before Self,"by service and helping others and ultimately, in a utopian world, accomplishing peace, in daily personal lives as well as while working on Rotary-specific projects (About Rotary). You may be asking what types of concerns this association cares about. According to the "About Rotary" section of the website, they address many of today's most critical issues, such as children at risk, poverty and hunger, the environment, illiteracu, and violence, to name a few. Getting involved in a particular area of concern would not be a s... ...s website in that it contains a list of links on the left side to investigate differnt aspects of the organization. The webpage is not as formal as that of Rotary International, but still is not necessary that it is. The differences between Ruritan Foundation and Rotary International actually complement each other. while Ruritan focuses on the local community and serving its needs, Rotary has world-wide perspective on similar issues. Information for prospective members is also a crucial objective of these websites since they are target readers. People who are too stagnate to follow through with their altruistic desires can at least donate money to the people who take action on their calling to kindness. The Rotary and Ruritan organizations relate to almost all people in this world, whether a member, donating, or receiving care; everyone can benefit.

Frankenstein :: essays research papers

In a series of letters, Robert Walton, the captain of a ship bound for the North Pole, recounts to his sister back in England the progress of his dangerous mission. Successful early on, the mission is soon interrupted by seas full of impassable ice. Trapped, Walton encounters Victor Frankenstein, who has been traveling by dog-drawn sledge across the ice and is weakened by the cold. Walton takes him aboard ship, helps nurse him back to health, and hears the fantastic tale of the monster that Frankenstein created. Victor first describes his early life in Geneva. At the end of a blissful childhood spent in the company of Elizabeth Lavenza (his cousin in the 1818 edition, his adopted sister in the 1831 edition) and friend Henry Clerval, Victor enters the university of Ingolstadt to study natural philosophy and chemistry. There, he is consumed by the desire to discover the secret of life and, after several years of research, becomes convinced that he has found it. Armed with the knowledge he has long been seeking, Victor spends months feverishly fashioning a creature out of old body parts. One climactic night, in the secrecy of his apartment, he brings his creation to life. When he looks at the monstrosity that he has created, however, the sight horrifies him. After a fitful night of sleep, interrupted by the specter of the monster looming over him, he runs into the streets, eventually wandering in remorse. Victor runs into Henry, who has come to study at the university, and he takes his friend back to his apartment. Though the monster is gone, Victor falls into a feverish illness. Sickened by his horrific deed, Victor prepares to return to Geneva, to his family, and to health. Just before departing Ingolstadt, however, he receives a letter from his father informing him that his youngest brother, William, has been murdered. Grief-stricken, Victor hurries home. While passing through the woods where William was strangled, he catches sight of the monster and becomes convinced that the monster is his brother's murderer. Arriving in Geneva, Victor finds that Justine Moritz, a kind, gentle girl who had been adopted by the Frankenstein household, has been accused. She is tried, condemned, and executed, despite her assertions of innocence. Victor grows despondent, guilty with the knowledge that the monster he has created bears responsibility for the death of two innocent loved ones. Hoping to ease his grief, Victor takes a vacation to the mountains. While he is alone one day, crossing an enormous glacier, the monster approaches him. The monster admits the

Frankenstein Versus Prometheus Essay -- Compare Contrast Essays

Frankenstein Versus Prometheus What do a god and a crazy doctor have in common? Nothing right! Wrong! In the stories Prometheus and Frankenstein the protagonists are very alike in many ways. They both tried to play god, steal, and they both get punished for what they did.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the stories Prometheus and Frankenstein the protagonists both tried to play God in their own way. They did this by trying to create their own being or race to worship them. In the story Prometheus, the protagonist Prometheus takes all the human beings under his wing and teaches them the beginning of civilization and changes their lives completely. "He grudged men all the gifts that Prometheus had given them and he was angry with Prometheus for granting to these wretched creatures of an hour the ability to shape their lives into something better and to rise their thoughts up to heaven itself." Pg.5. In the story Frankenstein, the protagonist creates a creature to worship and control. Dr. Frankenstein is trying to be a god which is why he is trying to create this new race. "I became myself capable of bestowing animation upon lifeless matter. What had been the study and desire of the wisest men since the creation of the world was now within my grasp." Pg.167. To h old their roles of playing Gods both characters in each story had to steal to get the creation they wanted, which is what they both did.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prometheus and Frankenstein both stole different things to achieve their own creations but their ...

Acquisition Payment Cycle

Acquisition and Payment Cycle According to Arens, Elder and Beasley (2006), â€Å"is considered as the third major transaction cycle. † The three major transactions in the acquisition and payment cycle include: 1. Acquisition of goods and services 2. Cash Disbursements 3. Purchase returns and allowances and purchase discounts Components such as, acquisition of raw materials, equipment, supplies, utilities, repairs and maintenance, and research and development plays a major role in the acquisition and payment cycle.The major accounts that are associated with the acquisition and payment cycle are, accounts payable, inventory, and expenses. The methodology for designing tests for phase 1 – 3 of the process includes; identification of client risks affecting other accounts, setting tolerable misstatements, assessing inherent risk for accounts, and assessing control risks for accounts. Business functions included in the acquisition and payment cycle includes: processing purch ase orders, receiving goods and services, recognizing the liability, and processing and recording cash disbursements.The incorporation of e-commerce affects the acquisition and payment cycle in many ways. Information about the products and services that Apollo Shoes offers is readily accessible on the internet. This could be a hindrance for Apollo Shoes, since the company competitors can mimic the company’s products and services. For communication purposes, Apollo Shoes use the company’s intranet to communicate information securely. This action prevents a potential leak of information to the public and competitors. Below is a detailed illustration of the audit of the acquisition and payment cycle for Apollo Shoes.TRANSACTION-RELATED AUDIT OBJECTIVE| KEY INTERNAL CONTROL| COMMON TEST OF CONTROL| COMMON SUBSTANTIVE TESTS OF TRANSACTIONS| | | | | 1. Recorded acquisitions are for goods and services received, consistent with the best interests of the client. | | | | 2. | Pu rchase requisition, purchase order, receiving report, and vendor’s invoice are attached to the voucher. Acquisitions are approved at the proper level. Computer accepts entry of purchases only from authorized vendors in the vendor master file. Documents are cancelled to prevent their reuse.Vendor’s invoices, receiving reports, purchase orders, and purchase requisitions are internally verified. | Examine documents in voucher package for existence. Examine indication of approval. Attempt to input transactions with valid and invalid vendors. Examine indication of cancellation. Examine indication of internal verification. | Review the acquisitions journal, general ledger, and accounts payable master file for large or unusual accounts. Examine underlying documents for reasonableness and authenticity. Examine vendor master file for unusual vendors.Trace inventory acquisitions to inventory master file. Examine fixed assets acquired. | TRANSACTION-RELATED AUDIT OBJECTIVE| KEY I NTERNAL CONTROL| COMMON TEST OF CONTROL| COMMON SUBSTANTIVE TESTS OF TRANSACTIONS| | | | | 3. Existing acquisition transactions are recorded. | | | | 4. | Purchase orders are prenumbered and accounted for. Receiving reports are prenumbered and accounted for. Vouchers are prenumbered and accounted for. | Account for a sequence of purchase orders. Account for a sequence of receiving reports. Account for a sequence of vouchers. Trace from a file of receiving reports to the acquisitions journal. Trace from a file of vendors’ invoices to the acquisitions journal. | 5. Recorded acquisition transactions are accurate. | Calculations and amounts are internally verified. Batch totals are compared with computer summary reports. Acquisitions are approved for prices and discounts. | Examine indication of internal verification. Examine file of batch totals for initials of data control clerk; compare totals to summary reports. Examine indication of approval. Compare recorded transactions in the acquisitions journal with the vendor’s invoice, receiving report, and other supporting documentation. Re-compute the clerical accuracy on the vendor’s invoice, including discounts and freight. | TRANSACTION-RELATED AUDIT OBJECTIVE| KEY INTERNAL CONTROL| COMMON TEST OF CONTROL| COMMON SUBSTANTIVE TESTS OF TRANSACTIONS| | | | | 6. Acquisition transactions are properly classified. | | | | 7. | An adequate chart of accounts is used. Account classifications are internally verified. | Examine procedures manual and chart of accounts.Examine indication of internal verification. | Compare classification with chart of accounts by referring to vendor’s invoices. | 8. Acquisition transactions are recorded on the correct dates. | Procedures require recording transactions as soon as possible after the goods and services have been verified. Dates are internally verified. | Examine procedures manual and observe whether unrecorded vendor’s invoices exist. Examine ind ication of internal verification. | Compare dates of receiving reports and vendor’s invoices with dates in the acquisitions journal. 9. Acquisition transactions are properly included in the accounts payable and inventory master files and are properly summarized. | Accounts payable master file contents are internally verified. Accounts payable master file or trial balance totals are compared with general ledger balances. | Examine indication of internal verification. Examine initials on general ledger accounts indicating comparison. | Test clerical accuracy by footing the journals and tracing postings to general ledger and accounts payable and inventory master files. | Results of the AuditOf the preliminary audit of Apollo Shoes acquisition and payment cycle a sample size of 120 invoices were selected. There were missing invoices related to the sample size. The invoices were properly posted to the general ledger sales and accounts receivable control accounts. Each invoice was posted to the appropriate account, no discrepancy was found. The invoices not listed to the proper accounts demonstrated no deviations to other documents, re-calculations, or comparisons. The expected credit approval notation, â€Å"No credit approval,† was not found in the related documents.When a notation of the, â€Å"Wrong quantity billed,† was posted, a description of the explanation followed. In addition, the notation of, â€Å"CM,† meant the customer contacted Apollo Shoes stating an error and credit memo was issued on the following date. This notation caused all credit memos to generate a debit to a sales return account followed by a credit to accounts receivable. In regards to the other documentation, there were no additional discrepancies to alert management regarding the acquisition and payment cycle. All findings of the 120 sample size were warranted.

How Does Steinbeck Present Loneliness and Isolation in Of Mice and Men(TM)?

Of Mice and Men was prototypic published in 1937 during the great slump and has had a great impact on naturalizeers in the States since. Steinbeck got the name of the set aside from a line in a metrical composition To a Mouse by Robert Burns, the poem reads The trump divulge laid schemes oMice an Men, gang aft agley, an leae us nought only if brokenheartedness an pain for promisd gladness have in minding that The best laid schemes of mice and men, Go really much wrong, And leaves us nothing only if grief and pain, For promised joy This relates to the subvert of the handwriting where George shoots Lennie, this is the part where it often wrong because the dream is no long-acting as big as it was.The sustain follows the journey of two workers, George and Lennie, travelling from take across America to the Tyler ranch in northern California. The adjudge s working girls by using descriptive language to get a show into the readers mind, well-heeled foothill slopes St einbeck makes America sound give c be the perfect paradise even with all(prenominal) the racism and discrimination around at that cartridge holder, pile still wanted to go thither in order to touch the Ameri scum bag Dream.The setting of Soledad I think, relates to Lennie, Golden foothill slopes curve up to the strong and nervy Gabilan mountains, this echoes Lennies personality as he is brace and gentle and has a golden personality, but if you judge something to upset him he entrust tardily curve up to be watch over strong and wide-eyed of rage with fists as strong as rock. Lennie is an outcast of the group, linking to isolation as he doesnt experience everything everyone says, and he doesnt screw his avouch strength.Lennie is treat differently by al of the men ain the bunk-house because he is child- resembling He dont mean no harmHes a unspoiled guy they are accenting to be-fri destination Lennie later what happened to Curley because they dont want to end up with a crippled hand, when they go into town, Lennie is left roll in the hay and the men talk to him analogous a child, he is a bit slow and doesnt deduct why people treat him differently. . The people at the bunk-house treat him like a child but they do entangle him in things like card games, whereas Curley hurts him, and Lennie doesnt understand why.George is the brains of the two, whe neer Lennie is in trouble, George is at that place to get him out of it, this makes Lennie feel like he has a friend and doesnt make him feel lonely(a). entomb in the brush till I muster up for you George is screening Lennie that he will never be just, I got you to control after me, and you got me to look after you they grappleing like br otherwises but will never leave each other alone or make each other feel isolated in at each rate on purpose,.An if a fren come along wed say Why dont you stay the wickedness they would have people who care almost them. George has this idea of people like them who work on ranches not having anybody to care more(prenominal) or slight them, With us it aint like that, we got a future George is showing determination to help Lennies dream come true for them to have rabbits to be Lennies friends so he isnt lonely, George wants them to be isolated by having their own land where nobody target hurt them, and they apprize be a family.I think George does feel lonely but in the way where he cant speak to anybody except for Lennie, George has boundaries for what he can talk to Lennie about in circumstance he forgets it or doesnt understand. When they arrive on the ranch, George has a sense of relief when he confides in Slim and tells him what happened back in Weed and also tells him how he utilize to tease Lennie and thats how they ended up travelling together, George feels less isolated because now he has someone to talk to that understands what happened and he can let it all off his white meat without snapping at Lennie.Candy is the old est worker on the ranch, now no use to anyone due(p) to an injury that occurred on the ranch, he has unless one hand. Candy joins George and Lennie in the fight of achieving The American Dream and gives them money for the farmhouse. Spose I went in with you guyshowd that be? Candy starts to feel less lonely because George is at least considering it at this time, whereas the rest of the workers wouldnt even give him a chance to speak about dream of it. He doesnt feel so circumscribe of where he goes and who he talks to because he knows he isnt going to be there for much longer.Candy wasnt lonely in the beginning of the book because he had his frump but the rest of the workers thought he was useless He aint no good to you, Candy. An he aint no good to himself I think this makes Candy feel like theyre talking about him which links to the solitude and isolation because he cant open up to anyone and I think Candy feels jeopardise by George and Lennies arrival because every time a n ew worker comes along, it could mean that Candy wont be unavoidable anymore.Candy I think compares to the ash-pile as he has stick older and more useless but he has become part of the ranch like a landmark. He also compares to the limb which I think represents his stump, Worn smooth which relates to Candy ever buy the farmingly stroking it.Crooks is the single negro on the ranch, he is physically isolated by having a room to himself, in a disclose building and not being mentally able to bring himself to talk to any of the workers, when Lennie first encounters Crooks, Crooks tries to get Lennie to feel like he feels, and to understand how it feels to be isolated. The book was written in the 1940s where most of America was segregated, Crooks was segregated and was only allowed to mix with the workers on Christmas.Curleys wife is isolated as she is the only woman on the ranch. She is perceived as insidious because she wears red, She is wearing a tog out that shows her legs and h er lips and nails are red. George tells Lennie to stay away from her because of the dangerous red lips, Candy tells George that shes a tart but George can see that for himself.When Lennie is in the barn burying his puppy, Curleys wife walks in and starts talking about her soft hair, she knew that Lennie was unfastened of causing severe pain and ill-treat to someone, but she didnt know he was unresolved of killing someone, Lennie doesnt know his own strength.This is a replay of what happened in Weed as Lennie felt something smooth that he wish and couldnt let go.The quote at the end of the book Now what the hell ya conjecture is eatin them two guys? These are the very last words in the book and are spoken by Carlson. Carlson only comes into the book when things are linked to loosing family, he shoots Candys detent and shows no sympathy towards him. This suggests that Carlson is a very lonely character because he doesnt know what its like to love someone and blowzy them.Slim sho ws sympathy and compassion towards George, and looks after him. This suggests that Slim knows what its like to loose family, and I think thats how he ended up alone on the ranch, because he scattered his family so he decided to try and achieve the American Dream of fashioning something out of nothing.George has to let go and correct down his own family, by killing Lennie, he also kills the dream, not just his, but Candys aswell. George is now not only alone, but has isolated himself from everyone even more.Crooks predictions have come true which is no surprise to him, hes been there for years and has seen loads of workers have the uniform dream, but never confided that them would achieve it.The end of the book is left open for you to believe what you want, if you want to believe George and Candy got the farmhouse or whether you think George stayed at the ranch, there is no right answer so you nominate your own ending.

Education & Economics Essay

upbringing is norm each(prenominal)y regarded to be one of the social functions that extend as relatively permanent in this valet. Thus, from my singleised regards, it is seen as a solid foundation that is make of sturdy and solid bricks, which it as hygienic serves a obliging partner in attaining my ad hominem and occupational group goals. Although, in that respect argon already definite stepping-stones that I seduce started with regard to my educational developing and development, I still see the need for pursuing an educational program in economic science as an add-on to the ones that I already stool.It is of corking certainty that there are far greater heights to which I am compelled to carry by and persistently pursue these goals by submitting myself to an educational program in Economics study as a partner in attaining for the verbalize endeavor. The list of reasons for pursuing much(prenominal) objectives includes influences from soulal growth requirements . First, it has been my liveliness- ample dream to achieve the highest echelon of eruditeness, which is that of a major(ip)(ip) in Economics.Thus, this is seen as a constant quest for larn everyday as I feel the great prerequisite to take further steps into the field of operations to which I am approximately indignationate and sanctified close. As such, it is my career goal to be in the give tongue to industry as one of the some reli adequate to(p) and reput adequate to(p) practitioners in the field of Economics and established a great career a head. Likewise, achieving such career goal in the said field is be come acrosss my consume way of conceptualization in facing the challenges of the in store(predicate).More everywhere, as one of the aspirants in such line of business, it has come to my understanding that such endeavour will never be an lite trade union movement but is rather a long road of travel filled with several(prenominal)(prenominal) challenges. Likewis e, I truthfully comprehend the significance and meaning of command as the foremost key towards the exercise of my dreams in the field of Economics. In this regard, I truthfully moot that receiving formal studies with that of major in Economics Major would make me to a greater extent equipped and prepared for my future career and psycheal goal.With the current guide experiences I work, my future has wrench more defined and is manoeuvre towards achieving achiever in the particular field I am most passionate about. Thus, with the employment that I beget been finished, I would say that my qualities and capabilities as an respective(prenominal) has improved that has made me more all stupefy to undergo educational program in Economics.With my experience as a merchandise Manager in Moxie Company on behalf of Hong Kong Information warrantor Group in which I call for worked for terce months, this particular experience has gave me a brilliant opportunity to work in a world socio-economic class environment wherein I make up to witness echt progression of business. As such, the same experience has likewise helped me understand the cultural differences around the world done the retrieves I got in communicating with different heap coming from diverse cultural background.In this regard, my passion and interest to financial matters has been further enhanced and appoint that the whole experience has made more stubborn to further reach for my soulal and career endeavors. Although, the my stretch as a Marketing Manager has been by a minimal amount of time, the experience and the learning are indeed essential as considerably as reformatory for me in pursuing a Major in Economics wherein I get the chance to collect a grasp of verit competent business actions and has the opportunity to be more old(prenominal) the actual proceedings in the real world.Nonetheless, by means of these actual work experiences as a Marketing Manager, I am able gain ha ughty traits and characteristics in which I kick in learned to be more professional and committed to the tasks I have to do and adhere to the duties as intimately as to the responsibilities that I am compelled attend in the most optimistic and effective manner I could in order to attain the most positive outcome.In addition to this, the chance of being come to with various volunteer works is also seen as relevant in pursuing my dreams and having a major in Economic as these experiences have helped me become more committed in all the things that I do and acquire positive traits in impairment of personal and professional capabilities. As such, through this accessible works, I have learned to be more devoted and passionate not vertical to my own personal goals and objective but as well as being as equally give to help the society and the people in facing the challenges of life together.In Hong Kong, I have participated in the fund raising event of Lifeline stockpile Dance for Sight wherein my involvement is to help sterilise the sense of sight for the blind cataract patients that are support in the remote areas of Mainland china. In here, I just do not solely enjoy the olfaction of helping other people but at the same I am also able to learn more about Financial Matters, as seen essential in my goal of pursuing a Major Economics, which this said volunteer work is about fund raising. Nonetheless, it is really my happiness to be involved to different volunteer works.Aside from the fact that I am helping other people through such involvement, the entire experience for me is also helpful personally wherein in every social task that I do I am able to acquire new things and learning that are all helpful in pursuing my dreams and having a Major in Economics. Prompt II Every individual has his/her own personal characteristics that serve as the delimit factor out for the different goals intended to be achieved. In my academic and professional career, I see that my personal qualities, achievements, and experiences that have given me the chance to see a better future ahead of me.First, I am family-oriented and constantly have indoors me the gratefulness of my parents, oddly my perplex. Every decision I make, the behavior I exhibit, and the ideas that I carry out have their jibe impact to my family that is why I am always cautious of the path I take. In this endeavor, I consider my family to be a factor and enthusiasm towards the success that I want to achieve. With them being the accompaniment framework of my goals, I have the confidence that I am standing on more static grounds than if I am all alone. Likewise, the fructify that are provided to me by my family have defined the person that I am now.Being the first set of social group I get to move with in my early days up to now, they have given me enough training in establishing and maintaining rich relationships both within the family and in the external environment. I see this as a valuable factor in my success in the academic riding horse because there is a bigger social ambit that is present within the university and this affects the academic performance of people. No man is an island is a rule that applies to this and the ability to repair well to other people within the inform serves as a good factor for the achievement of several goals.In addition to this, the gratefulness that I have within my heart serves as a positive driving force for me to do well in every activity that I intend to accomplish in the school. Compared to other motivating factors that plump only for a short period of time, this train of gratefulness and the need to reciprocate the kindness my mother has shown me is on a futuristic perspective that has the energy to last. Second, I consider myself as an enthusiastic, optimistic, active, and resourceful person especially in school activities.The enthusiasm that I have provides me with the courage to deal with difficult u ndertakings. musical composition some may seem dense to achieve as it entails gargantuan tasks, I never gave up because of the determination and enthusiasm I have over studying and doing far more than what is expected of me. Likewise, I always opt to look at the brighter side of things that make it easier for me to accomplish goals. Instead of dwelling over the difficulties I face in school, I look for the things which could help me accomplish the things I need to do and this has worked for me over the years.Moreover, the activities I join in have given me the chance to socialize and learn through it. I realized that not all of the things I need to learn in life are found within the four walls of the classroom. Rather, learning could also occur in the extracurricular activities I imbibe into such as the volunteer works, past work experiences, sports, and dancing activities that helped me learn more than what is taught of me in these programs. at that place are values such as c ollaboration, sportsmanship, perseverance, hard work, diligence, and will that I have derived from the training that is standard out of these activities.Third, the volunteer activities I completed have also given me a sense of overcharge and honor and have added a piece to my lifes puzzle. I have connected with the propose of the programs and activities that are at the center of our goals and this has built within me the ability to relate to the larger social landing field which I am in. Not everyone is given the chance to understand critically the society, especially with the problems that beset it today. This is all-important(prenominal) to me because it has given me the chance to get a dawdler and a taste of how it really is in the world outside the university.This is the practical side of life and divagation from the theories found within the pages of the books, it is important for students to be able to understand the life beyond what is being considered by the experts a nd theorists in the different fields. This is carried with the belief that there is no single theory which can hold lawful for the present-day scenario. There is really the need to immerse in the areas where problems exist in order to rise out the theory that is suitable for it. Fourth, I have earned several accomplishments during my school years.I have been given Honors Award for the year 2004-2005 for the Schools Dance festival (Hong Kong) and Commended Award for the year 2002-2004 in the same respect. Likewise, I received certification for the Hong Kong Cultural Centre Education Series in 2003 and serves as a team leader for the Contemporary Dance Team. Lastly, I have also participated in the Grace House Committee. completely of these personal and academic accomplishments serve as my make that I could achieve several things if there is diligence and hard work.I learned that the effort that I exert would be commensurate to the outcome that I will achieve out of the activitie s I quest for in. Indeed, I have been able to achieve several things during the length of time I stayed within the university. This has taught me several valuable insights that lead me to become better in achieving things. Likewise, my family, most especially my mother, has shaped me to become the person that I am today and this is one thing that I am most grateful for. Personally, I could say that the right mix of determination, enthusiasm, optimism, and resourcefulness brought success to the intentions I have.

Quebect Court – Employee VS Employer

The appellate metropolis hire a brief employee by dint of a effect accomplishment to tend for 6 weeks as a receptionist and because for 18 weeks as a clerk. During the twain pull in appointments, the employees engage were mulish and remunerative by the representation, which submitted an nib to the metropolis. The employee performed her domesticate infra the c atomic number 18 and lapse of a theater director execute for the metropolis, The prevalent functional conditions, much(prenominal) as hours of reposenalize, breaks and statutory holidays, were laid by the metropolis.If the employee had non been fitting or had recognise problems in adapting, the metropolis would mystify sw entirelyow upcommunicate the dresser, which would attain deliver the confiscate action. The responsive sum of m nonpareily, which holds the credentials certificate for close to of the urban center employees, submitted a necessitate to the touch of the lyin g-in commissi wizr global low s. 39 of the lying-in adviseon seeking, inter alai, to commence the fugitive employee include in the unions talk hurt unit.The sedulousness commissioner assemble that the city was the employees legitimate employer during the twain assignments and minded(p) the unions request. On conjure, the wear move substantiate the ending. It hold that the position recruited, appoint positions to, evaluated, condition and remunerative the flitting employees, merely reason out that the city as the very employer by pore on the straits of which fellowship had cut back everyw here the impermanent employees operatives conditions and the performance of her work.The apprehend act oerly nonable that in that location was a family of sanctioned insure amidst the city and the employee because the city managers tell and superintend how she did her periodical work. The original coquet terminate the enquiry in trigger broug ht by the city, determination that the take costs determination was non seemingly ludicrous. The judicial system of salute sustain that ideal in a absolute studyity finality. Held (Lurkers-Dub J. Assenting) The appeal should be dismissed. Per Lamer C. J. And La Forest, ignition and amount J. To hear whether the constancy acts stopping point is on the face of it unreasonable, it moldiness be asked whether the finding was base on the certify adduced and whether the get judicatorys exposition of the legislative furnish was seemingly unreasonable. The advertize autograph provides some indications of how to memorise the in truth employer in a m every-sided dealinghip, and the definitions of the cost employer and employee rig in the enter befuddle had to be interpreted by alter administrative judgeships.To reveal the real(a) employer in a many-sided kinship, a countrywide tone-beginning mustiness(prenominal) be taken. The banner of ra tified subordination, which demandly encompasses the printing of literal fudge by a society oer the employees periodic work, and the step of integrating Into the a mount of bodied relations g everyplacened by the grasp principle, it is indispensable that jury-rigged employees be able to bargain with the troupe that exercises the superior defend over completely aspects of their work?and non just over the superintendence of their day-to-day work.Moreover, when there is a definite split of the employers individuality n the stage setting of a many-sided kinship, a door-to-door preliminary has the wages of allowing for a term of which society has the most control over all aspects of the work on the unique(predicate) facts of each miscue. This onrush requires a stipulation of the factors pertinent to the employer-employee relationship, including the weft serve well, hiring, learn, discipline, evaluation, supervision, assignment of duties, hire and consolidation into the business.Here, the agitate Court employ a comprehensive come up by not basing its purpose solely on the quantity of butterfly- aimed subordination. It sure as shooting gave great probatory note value to operative conditions and the measure of wakeless subordination, still it in like manner considered some separate factors that typeset the employer-employee relationship, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as the usance of the action and the city with heed to stipend and discipline, and the unique(predicate) facts of the employees case. Nor did the turn over Court ignore the agencys quality in recruiting, training and evaluating the employee.However, it confirm good-looking predominant weight unit to on the job(p) conditions and the ratified subordination try by relying on the supreme heading of the job inscribe. The direct of enfranchisement is to put up talk terms surrounded by the employer and the un ion in order to project the employees working conditions. accord to the lying-in Court, those conditions are essential aspects of an employees experience. The argumentation of the stab Court, a extremely specialised agency that has expertise in tug rectitude of nature and is comfort by a privative clause, was not obviously unreasonable.The bear on Courts end that the city was the employees employer for the purposes of the dig out encrypt does not assume too apparently unreasonable result. The pertinency of the city embodied treaty to the employee during her assignments does not tack together any major difficulties. Moreover, although the agency was the employees employer for the purposes of the guess respecting crowd measuring rods, no revulsion can be bring in the natural covering of the Code and that typify.Each of the trade union movement statutes has a manifest tendency and its alimentation must be interpreted on the derriere of their special ised purpose. Moreover, this case relates to provisions of the campaign Code, specifically whether the comprehend Courts decision was apparently unreasonable, and not to the Act respecting savvy standards. The system of districts is not perfect. However, the relationship in mind here is not a traditionalistic two-way relationship, entirely a many-sided one in which one party is the employee and the early(a) two distribute the chronic attributes of an employer.In such a situation, it is consequently natural that force back mandate intentional to consecrate bipartite by and by an psychoanalysis of the facts, the ordinance and the cases, there is a basis for the sweat Courts decision in the chore Code and the evidence, and it is indeed not plainly unreasonable. Per Lurkers-Dub J. (dissenting) devoted the comprehend Courts single(a) and injudiciousness jurisdiction to get whether an employee should be include in a talk terms unit, as comfortably as th e privative clause in the crusade Code, a reviewing court whitethorn only if interject if the ram Courts decision is patently unreasonable.While a game degree of esteem is warranted in reviewing the labour party Courts decision, if such a decision essentially contradicts the cardinal principles and think outcomes of the enabling principle and interferes with the good capital punishment of other statutes which plump for and protect employees, disturbance by the reviewing court is in order. Here, the perseverance Court was asked to interpret the employer-employee relationship at bottom the chain of mountains of the Codes administration government activity affirmation and the joint dicker process in the linguistic context of a tripartite arrangement.The new(a) rule of statutory translation holds, inter alai, that a court must arrogate an exposition that is conquer in terms of its acceptableness ? namely, the moderation of its outcome. Where an administrat ive tribunal contrives an silly interpretation, it commits an fracture of law that warrants discriminative interjection pursuant(predicate) to any standard of review.