Conclusion Families Essay Example for Free

Conclusion Families Essay Families are viewed differently by various people in the world. Some individuals have cherished this institution. And others have not. Origins of the family article try as much to discuss what a family is and its origins. The traffic in women is an article that describes who is a woman and for many centuries what treatment women have gone through socially and mentally. This paper will give a detailed account of each of the article and lastly it will compare and contrast the contents of the two articles. Origins of the family Different views are expressed about a family around the world whereby it has been discovered that people share common backgrounds even though extremely far apart. The most primitive people in the world including the original American Indians have their way to describe what a family is. The American Indians were the first group that was studied so that an overview or a general idea about a family was created even though the studies have been extended to many other regions around the world, there where many other observations that were carried out or taken into consideration. One of the main issues that passively describe a family is the system of name calling or relations in the extended family. For instance, cousins never called each other cousins but brothers and sisters. Young people who grow in that setting have no questions to ask but the join the system and that kind of trend has been very natural with and for them. This kind of phenomenon was first noticed in the New York state among the few remaining Indian American tribe Iroquois by name and the Seneca tribesmen and women adopted it. Wonders did not cease there, some indigenous tribes in India where also practicing the same. This kind of naming and relating is known as consanguinity. Families are not only found to exist in man but animals and birds as well. This is the reason why animals are found in herds or groups. Animals exhibit a unique behavior that exhibited by man or birds. For instance during the mating period of these animals is the most tempting moments that may destroy or temporarily relinquish the family relations. The males fight to retain supremacy over one another and during this period it is rare to notice animals walking or doing things in a group as usual. This behavior has been related to the living animals that are close to human i. e. primates which now have human like characteristics. Apes also fight while mating whereby males seriously engage in fights to gain and maintain supremacy over the others; this is the time group work or family relating ties temporarily wane. What does this tell us about human family? The human family is different from any kind of animals or birds or primates because members of a family do anything out of reasoning and nothing else. But it is the great quest for knowledge that leads to many discoveries. For example birds practice monogamy form of families and while observing them these birds fly in pairs. People also practice monogamy but some practice polyandry and polygamy. Polyandry is a practice where a woman is married to many husbands and it is not done secretly but it is well known and polygamy is when a man is having many women, it is not a secret. This switches the topic to sexuality and family. Sex life is a must do thing to sustain and ensure continuity of any family lineages. All peoples in the world this fact and even the most primitive people know that for the continuity of the family system sex has to be practiced. Nevertheless, it is interesting that many of these people in the world where research has been conducted, they in a way respected the institution of marriage and more so sex whereby they never treated women as commodities of sex even though polygamy was practiced. They had special times of the month or year when they practiced sex and theirs was not for pleasure but procreation. People like the Savages were believed to be very harsh and took women as tools for and of sexual intercourse to give birth to as many children as possible but this was not the case. Marriage was a respected institution where a man and a woman possessed one another. There was no jealousy and instances of men sharing women and women sharing men unless otherwise in some primitive communities where some sexual related activities occurred. Like in some communities it was a taboo to engage in sex with someone outside with members who were perceived to enemies and it could be rather better with a close family member that that perceived enemy. However in some communities it was not a taboo for brothers and sisters to have sexual intercourse. In some communities or family groups of the ancient Greece, sexual intercourse was not prohibited among brothers and sisters because this was one an assured way of multiplying quickly and another reason was not to endanger the security of fellow countrymen by marrying from outside but with time this practice came to a halt. One interesting trend of families that have been found in t world is where men marry many wives and naturally if a visitor comes by and he takes a night in that homestead, the visitor will be offered one of the wives to entertain for the long he will stay around no matter the visitor is known or not known to the family and this means even any strangers enjoyed that right. In a research that was conducted in Australia, there is a sub-tribe that practices a peculiar tradition that all women in another sub tribe known to them are naturally wives to men in their tribe and it does not matter whether you have married one woman from that sub tribe but all the others by default they are wives. Sex among sub tribe members is strictly forbidden. The trend of a man being entertained sexually far away while sojourning is or was a practice by the aborigines in Australia. In the world today the family trends are still intriguing for example some indigenous tribes are taking deliberate measures to sustain or maintain their people who are being swallowed up by wider communities especially the settlers until they resort to conducting marriages among themselves that are among sisters and brothers. It is not their fault because since time immemorial the practices took place even in ancient Biblical times. Through a man God trusted in the town called Sodom and Gomorrah that was Lot, slept with her daughters after their mum had perished in the inferno and their was no righteous man who could have married them by then. Regardless it was their father they managed to bore children and the family of the generation continuity was established. Who know these things may be going on without the knowledge of other people or the family members themselves. More other family customs are like the ones that are yet conducted by people all over the world, for instance, the American Indians of California have had festivals where tribes come together purposely for a promiscuous sexual intercourse. This kind of tradition is also in and practiced in Australia. In Australia some older men and magicians exploit wives in their community and monopolize many of the women for themselves. These kinds of practices have been witnessed in Hos, Santals, etc of India and others in many parts of Africa. In many other places like the continent of South America, some communities in India, young girls enjoy sex until the get married. Families have gone through many different stages as the issue of polygamy is a hot debate whether it should be allowed or not. Some have preferred a simple family that is monogamy. Many practices of sex are not the things that should be taken for granted as diseases are popping up that are incurable and therefore families must be protected through all means. For instance many have accepted monogamy because this is the only form of or type family that better ideals are practiced. For instance there is an assurance of save sex and true expression of love among family members more especially husband and wife. Traffic in Women Traffic in women starts with the origins of women oppression and social discrimination and the discussion of this will light to the trend of fighting for the rights of women. Further excavation of the truth may measure whether the fight for equality will bear fruit from men and among women because for a long time women have been perceived as their own enemies. After doing a round of history on women and the cause of their discrimination and yet the have comparatively done excellent work in family circles from raising children and working tirelessly to sustain their families. One main issue is the analysis of the cause of this oppression or discrimination against women, and then it will be easier to change and achieve a society of equality. There have been situations where men were degraded like the slavery debacle, this affected women even ten times more than men. They suffered double tragedy as sex slaves and plantation slaves. They suffered physically, socially and emotionally. Marxist theory argues that women are not suffering as they work, they are as a reserve force for labor and their low wages is a way capitalists get surplus. But the Marxist theory only handles matters pertaining to labor which truly is not oppression. Marxist theory is the best way to describe the usefulness of women in societies around the world, so an analysis of suffering women using Marxist theory is very wrong. Maybe his (Marx) statement was or is misinterpreted to portray a tendency that women are suffering when they earning whichever meager resources to sustain their families. Unfortunately there are societies who use this excuse to oppress women. Examples have been given that some societies portray women as sex objects and nothing else. The Amazon region and New Guinea highlands are the examples in the world where women are simply known as sex objects and they are gang raped by marauding men. On the other hand, the origin of the tendency that women are home keepers is not known but is assumed that when Marxist theory came into use men were really wanted to work, the hard labor that required the enduring energy at home hence many a times women were left at home to take care of the families. The interpretation came to be precisely referred to as historical and moral element that it is a necessity for any worker to be married or have wife. The tendency of women kept at home for child rearing and general home keeping gave birth to a belief that women can not inherit property, serve God and lead. Capitalism bred this clear cut difference of masculinity and femininity. Some quarters up to date believe that sex oppression is part of capitalism as a social form. Due to social activities and the changes that come with it, human sex and gender have also as well changed over time. Women are expected to reproduce but it wise to differentiate between economic systems and sexual systems to avoid a scenario where women are assumed to be for only reproduction and nothing else. Great changes have been noticed in many societies where women have been opportunities to lead in various activities that have been traditionally meant for men. Therefore, it is consequently wrong to use capitalism to assume that women are meant to sexually reproduce and not economically reproduce. All in all kinship plays an extremely important role in any society and therefore kinship will place us and social researchers in a point where every will understand social obligations that are directly associated with men, women and then both of them. Kinship as many anthropologists may say and believe is system of categories and statuses which contradict the actual genetic relationships. A good precedent is where women or a woman is married to another woman and the marrying takes the responsibilities of a husband by paying dowry and bringing up the children. This practice is rife in many societies almost in very continent. Thus, it is not wrong to quip that kinship defines all social activities in a given society, be it economical, sexual or social activities. Kinship enjoys the status and statutes of the principle of anthropology but there are many underlying things that should be looked into and some of which are controversial like close family intermarriages, for example a cousin marrying a cousin. But it should be born in mind that kinship systems differ from one another in culture which includes taboos and marriage. In all endeavors of kinship, marriage is one of the issues that seem to be treated with respect even though there are those primitive societies and not all of the that still use the excuse of kinship to undermine family values. These societies that treat marriage as special they call it a gift and this a very positive sign in a way that nobody will be foolish enough to destroy the gift that has been bestowed upon him. Now, this is the most important part of kinship or the positive role that kinship plays in a society. Through the exchange of the gift family ties get stronger, solidarity and trust is established, in this case the women given away in marriage is more a gift than a man. Interestingly some people have claimed that this is a commercial venture because dowry exchanges hands. The result of a gift in form of a woman is more profound and appreciated than other gift transactions because the relationship that is established is not just one of reciprocity but one of kinship. And this is a strong message of a society to other people who mistaken women to be sex slaves and child bearing machines. The exchange of partners also establishes their descendants related by blood. Two people may exchange gifts and quarrel or fight but in for intermarriage connects them in a permanent way. In some communities or societies gifts giving through marriage are not as simple as it may sound. For some people the exchange of gifts in form of women sound commercial and they term it as a transaction of giving and taking making a woman who is given away as a conduit of relationships but which is true. In such occasions, oppression of women is not expected and the rate of exploitation is minimal. The term traffic in women can be clearly defined at this point. Very apart from the normal and culturally accepted gift in form of a woman, some societies give women away for just the exchange of favors during famine, war and even some are sent away as a tribute. Then complexities start arising at this point because women are treated like commodities just given at will and at a price. In history this has happened and it differs from one cultural group or culture to another. At this very point some anthropologists argue that the issue of women trafficking came with the advent of culture meaning that culture explosion let to the exchanging and or trafficking of women. To a wider extent this was and is not true. The exchange of women in some societies it is intended for the well being of the community and for proper procreation. However some communities or greedy individuals capitalize in the venture to traffic women for economical or material gain. These women end up being mistreated and are used as sex tools to enrich the buyers or traffickers. There must be a clear cut distinction between those ones given as gifts in marriage and those other ones given away or trafficked to enrich unscrupulous individuals. That is why somewhere in this paper it is noted that some people envy the occasion when women are given as gifts and they feel it should be a commercial venture instead. But the genuine exchange of women in marriage is regarded as a fundamental principle of kinship. This ends up in an organized relationship of gender and sex. However, it does not oppress the women or degrade them. The analysis of a social system that touches sensitive issues like sex and gender generates very hot debates and this is the time when differing opinion are heard and some are very sentimental in nature. This is the time when kinship and its principles are put into temptations and negative scrutiny. Comparisons of the two topics The main objective of this paper as it was clearly stated in the introduction part of it was to compare and contrast the two issues or items i. e. the origins of the family and the traffic in women. It is of the essence to first have elaborated points in each item so that a few things are mentioned or the comparisons are done in form of a summary under this topic. First and foremost, the items have elaborated about family while the item ‘origins of family‘ concentrates on the family relationships and the close knit ties and cousins do not regard and call each other cousins but brothers. This piece of item has also highlighted the important role women play is society and the many dangers and challenges the face in their daily operations and life. The other item ‘traffic in women’ elaborates more on the treatment of family members especially women. It has highlighted the same occurrences in women of many societies around the world. This item on its part has elaborated on the trafficking of women for commercial reasons hence a disgrace to the society but in the way round, there is a good show on the value of women as they are exchanged as gifts in marriage which portray the importance of women in the society. But the item continues to analyze the repercussions of the exchanging a woman as a gift and the repercussion is some people in society have extended this to trafficking women for their personal gain. In both pieces of items the comparisons and contrasts do not adventure outside the family circles even though they both talk about communities or societies around the world. They have featured and analyzed about the indigenous societies or communities among them the native red Indians in the United States, the aborigines in Australia, some primitive tribes in New Guinea and many others. Women are given more attention by both items because of the mistreatment they faced and they are facing so that this studies that were and are conducted will offer solutions to the many demeaning or dignifying problems women face. Last but not least, sex is discussed by both stories but the first story which deals with the origins of a family deeply discusses sex which is viewed as evil and the way women have been misused, while the story or item two that deals with traffic in women depicts how women have been sold for sex purposes and it is becoming a culture. The main theme of the two pieces of stories is family values which encompasses many other sub themes that are clearly depicted here. Some of the sub themes are sex, family ties, kinship or family relationships and women responsibilities. Conclusion Families have been raised and nurtured for as many years as the age of the universe and societies have done their part in raising and teaching families their values but of all that women have played a very extremely important role. Women are the cornerstones of families and through these two items this has been strongly confirmed. Therefore the statement that they are cornerstones of families must not be controversial. However, it is sad that those women have been abused and degraded by in and by all means in our society. Society means the world in this case.

Lonliness and Friendship in Of Mice And Men Essay -- essays research p

Lonliness and Friendship in 'Of Mice And Men'   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In terms of emotional stability, there is one thing in life that is really needed, and that is friends. Without friends, people would suffer from lonliness and solitude. Lonliness leads to low self-esteem and deprivation. In the novel, Of Mice And Men, by John Steinbeck, the two main themes are friendship and lonliness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are two main characters, George and Lennie. Lennie is a massive man with incredible strength, but has a childs mind. George is a fairly sized man who is not incredibly strong, but has good common sense. What one man lacks, the other man makes up for. It is a perfect example of how opposites attract. They are a perfect match, and that is why they have a truly great friendship.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although, no matter how much he tries, George cannot make up for the huge gap in Lennie's mind. Lennie is so childish it is hard to believe; for example when he sees things, he wants to touch and grab them. Throughout the book, the stress of Lennie's retardation begins to weigh down on George. Because of Lennie, they are drifters. Wherever they go, Lennie gets them into trouble. At their previous location in a town called Weed, Lennie grabbed a little girls dress to feel it and soon startled the girl with his overwhelming strength. So once again George had to rescue Lennie, and they had to move on. George knew he ...

Matthew Arnold Comments on Philistinism in England and America

In his essay, â€Å"Philistinism in England and America,† Matthew Arnold examines the ancient ideas of Plato in the context of a twentieth century, capitalist society. As he agrees with almost all of what Plato had to say, he also admits that he is outdated, and that some of his teachings cannot be applied to us, living in an industrial superpower such as the United States. Still, though, Arnold defends the ancient philosopher. Education as a route to mental and physical righteousness is always a good idea, whether it is in modern America or Ancient Greece. I disagree with this, and it is here that I must contest the writings of Plato, as well as the essay by Arnold, for he is definitely a strong backer of the ancient ideals. In Plato†s mind, the value of an education is to clear one†s mind of impure thought, bring it to a higher lever than at the start, and attain a certain level of righteousness. This may have been a good idea 2300 years ago, but today, I see it as very limiting and impractical. In his time, only the rich aristocrats went to school. It†s purpose was not for the students to learn skills or ideas that would help them later in life, but to expand their minds, thus making them into ‘better people. † There was no need for them to learn any job skills. Back then, if you came from a rich family, you were rich. Working at simple jobs was for the peasants and slaves. Today, life is different. Our society is completely unlike that of the ancient Greeks. We have no caste system limiting the wealth and prominence of any citizen, we have no slavery to handle all the manual labor, our army is proportionately smaller and much less honored, and religion is a part of one†s private life, not a dominating public force as it was to the Ancient Greeks. Most people today have a regular, day to day job, whether it be in an office, store, factory, or anywhere else. We have to earn our wealth by working, not inheritance. That is why most people go to school today. I am attending NYU so that I can get a job later in life. I study chemistry and engineering, in the hopes that I can become a chemical engineer. According to Plato, this is wrong, and I†m corrupting my mind. At this point in my life, I should be reading history and literature, enhancing my mind, and not worrying about developing a skill. To me, that is an unrealistic goal. As I get older, I want to have a job that pays well, so that I can support a family, and be free to do whatever I want in my spare time. I don†t want to have to deal with restrictions in my life caused by a lack of money. If I lived and was educated in the way that Plato suggests, my life would probably turn out differently from that, and that is why I dislike his ideas. In the fourth century BC, when Plato was alive and writing, society was different. His writings on education relate to that time, when modern capitalism was over two thousand years away. He had no idea what life would be like today, so it is ridiculous to base one†s life on what he said so long ago. Arnold refuses to admit this. He does say that Plato†s ideas are outdated, but adds that the basis for his thoughts could still be applied today, for the betterment of society and the people that live in it. If that†s the way he feels, I†m fine with it, but for me, learning a skill that will make me some money when I†m older is more important than purifying my mind. Matthew Arnold Comments on Philistinism in England and America In his essay, â€Å"Philistinism in England and America,† Matthew Arnold examines the ancient ideas of Plato in the context of a twentieth century, capitalist society. As he agrees with almost all of what Plato had to say, he also admits that he is outdated, and that some of his teachings cannot be applied to us, living in an industrial superpower such as the United States. Still, though, Arnold defends the ancient philosopher. Education as a route to mental and physical righteousness is always a good idea, whether it is in modern America or Ancient Greece. I disagree with this, and it is here that I must contest the writings of Plato, as well as the essay by Arnold, for he is definitely a strong backer of the ancient ideals. In Plato†s mind, the value of an education is to clear one†s mind of impure thought, bring it to a higher lever than at the start, and attain a certain level of righteousness. This may have been a good idea 2300 years ago, but today, I see it as very limiting and impractical. In his time, only the rich aristocrats went to school. It†s purpose was not for the students to learn skills or ideas that would help them later in life, but to expand their minds, thus making them into ‘better people. † There was no need for them to learn any job skills. Back then, if you came from a rich family, you were rich. Working at simple jobs was for the peasants and slaves. Today, life is different. Our society is completely unlike that of the ancient Greeks. We have no caste system limiting the wealth and prominence of any citizen, we have no slavery to handle all the manual labor, our army is proportionately smaller and much less honored, and religion is a part of one†s private life, not a dominating public force as it was to the Ancient Greeks. Most people today have a regular, day to day job, whether it be in an office, store, factory, or anywhere else. We have to earn our wealth by working, not inheritance. That is why most people go to school today. I am attending NYU so that I can get a job later in life. I study chemistry and engineering, in the hopes that I can become a chemical engineer. According to Plato, this is wrong, and I†m corrupting my mind. At this point in my life, I should be reading history and literature, enhancing my mind, and not worrying about developing a skill. To me, that is an unrealistic goal. As I get older, I want to have a job that pays well, so that I can support a family, and be free to do whatever I want in my spare time. I don†t want to have to deal with restrictions in my life caused by a lack of money. If I lived and was educated in the way that Plato suggests, my life would probably turn out differently from that, and that is why I dislike his ideas. In the fourth century BC, when Plato was alive and writing, society was different. His writings on education relate to that time, when modern capitalism was over two thousand years away. He had no idea what life would be like today, so it is ridiculous to base one†s life on what he said so long ago. Arnold refuses to admit this. He does say that Plato†s ideas are outdated, but adds that the basis for his thoughts could still be applied today, for the betterment of society and the people that live in it. If that†s the way he feels, I†m fine with it, but for me, learning a skill that will make me some money when I†m older is more important than purifying my mind.

Scientific Method and Criminal Investigator

Methods Used as a Criminal Investigator Cynthia Scaff Kaplan University CJ210: Crime Scene Investigation Professor Post March 26th, 2013 Unit-5 Methods Used as a Criminal Investigator Throughout its history, criminal investigation has been built upon a methodological foundation that has become increasingly refined and reliant on science. Moreover, a good investigator often adopts a particular mindset when approaching criminal investigations. Among the most effective approaches to investigation involves the use of the scientific method, which is simply a time-tested means of gathering reliable facts.Gathering information is the key to all good investigations, and so understanding the three sources of information is of great concern to any investigator. All of these items add up to a well-rounded and thorough investigation, and thus they will all be addressed herein. First, an exposition on the methods of inquiry are in order. The two overarching methods of inquiry are 1) those that re construct and examine past events and 2) those that discover or generate new information (Osterburg & Ward, 2010). These two are actually interrelated, and there is a good deal of overlap between them.Any number of disciplines in both the hard and soft sciences can be employed in the service of an investigation, including those, which would not necessarily seem related to a police investigation, like entomology, meteorology, etc. Thus, understanding the behavior of insects that inhabit a body or the effects of weather on a body might provide crucial details about the precise date and time of a murder, for example. In fact, a wide array of disciplines is often applied to a complex investigation when used in conjunction, can provide a great deal of information about a case.As well as utilizing the methods of inquiry, the best criminal detectives also generally approach a case with a particular mindset. In essence, the investigative mindset is part schema (innate perspective based on a broad knowledge of the world) and part active thought process. What it amounts to is an open-mindedness and (preferably unbiased) skepticism that allows the investigator to remain open to anything unusual in a case or anything that leads to a better understanding of the facts and circumstances—evidence—related to or surrounding a case (Osterburg & Ward, 2010).The investigator with this mindset will therefore approach a case looking for evidence that seems contrary to how things should be according to his or her knowledge about the world and understanding of how things generally go under normal circumstances. She is also looking for information that fits what is already known about the case, but the investigator must be careful here not to come at it with preconceived notions about the guilt or innocence of anyone directly involved in or a tangential to the case.For the gathering of evidence, the best approach is usually the application of the scientific method, define d as such: â€Å"a method of investigation in which a problem is first identified and observations, experiments, or other relevant data are then used to construct or test hypotheses that purport to solve it (Scientific method, 2009). † The problem to be identified in this case is the investigator’s hypothesis about what took place at the crime scene and who was involved in it. Ergo, a good investigator moves from inductive reasoning—guesswork, hunches, suspicions, etc. toward deductive reasoning, which is the use of specific data applied to the situation to see if everything fits with what she believes to have happened. In Osterburg and Ward’s Criminal Investigation, the authors give an example in which a woman was murdered in her apartment in conjunction with a romantic dinner. Going on a hunch, the investigator suspects an ex-boyfriend to be the culprit. He then gathers data to see if his suspicions are reinforced by the facts available to him (Osterbur g & Ward, 2010).There are three sources of evidence that an investigator may draw from. The first of these is people. The relevant sources here are all of the people directly connected to a case (witnesses, suspects and of course surviving victims) and friends, relatives and various associates of suspects and victims (Osterburg & Ward, 2010). Although people can be open and helpful in a case, some of them may lie; distort facts or even refuse to cooperate altogether, creating a conflict for the investigator.Witnesses may also be confused about what they actually observed as memory is not always reliable and can even be biased by personal, professional or societal schemas. Learning how to get people to cooperate with police and sorting out lies, half-truths, mistakes or previously overlooked information is essential to criminal investigation. Ongoing surveillance of the people involved may also shed light on a case. The second source for investigators to consider is physical evidence .In police work, the two main disciplines employed in the examination of this data are forensic medicine and criminalistics. The condition, location and position of human remains; materials and fibers located at the crime scene; the trajectory of bullets and the type of bullets used; the pattern or spatter of blood; impressions made by fingerprints, shoes or tires; the presence of contraband (such as illegal drugs or drug paraphernalia or illegal weapons)—these are all types of physical evidence that might be used to reconstruct a crime or other past event (Osterburg & Ward, 2010).In considering this evidence, the investigator will ask herself questions related to the crime, such as: What is this item doing here? Why is the blood pattern directed this way? Does this evidence support or contradict my hypothesis about a suspect? And so on. Finally, records and documents are a prime source of evidence for most investigations. Although technically records are physical evidence, t hey are a special form of physical evidence, in that they are in widespread use and are used, stored and accessed both privately and professionally specifically for their informational value.It is no wonder then that they often contain or form important, highly specific evidence for an investigator. Documents such as a driver’s license, social security card or state ID card will help the police identify an unknown murder victim, for example. Criminal records of a murder victim may also provide clues about the nature of his murder, such as whether or not he was involved in the illegal drug trade, which may lead to a suspect. Phone records may even indicate that two people have been in contact when one or both have denied that they know each other (Osterburg & Ward, 2010).Records may be stored as a hard copy on paper, plastic or some other medium, or they may be stored digitally, as on a computer hard drive or CD. In the end, it is apparent that science and a scientific perspec tive are highly important to police investigations. The two methods of inquiry provide a basis for understand what happened and how it happened. Encountering an investigation with the proper mindset will offer a higher success rate. In addition, of course, the application of the scientific method is indispensable, as is understanding and exploiting the three sources of evidence.With a strong foundation in these principles, a criminal investigator is well on her way towards making headway in an investigation. References Osterburg,  J. W. , & Ward,  R. H. (2010). Criminal investigation: A method for reconstructing the past. Albany, NY: LexisNexis/Anderson Pub Scientific method. (2009). Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition. Retrieved March 29, 2013, from Dictionary. com website: http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/scientific method

Process of Becoming a Climax Community

Process of Becoming a Climax Community A climax community by is a relatively stable and undisturbed biological community of animals, plants, and fungi that have evolved into a steady state of development which secures the stability of all the collective  communities. Through a natural successional  process of instability, all individual  organism ecosystems simultaneously transition  through a series of more stabilizing stages where they all finally maintain their individual positions in the community and where they become stable from egg and seed to maturity. So, all biotic communities on earth engage in a forward-moving evolutionary process that takes place in several major defined steps or stages. Until climax completion, these transitional  stages are each called a serial stage or a  sere.  In other words, a sere is an intermediate stage found in  ecological succession  in an ecosystem advancing towards a particular organisms  climax community. In many cases, there is more than one serial stage to pass through before  climax conditions are attained. A serial community is a name given to each group of biota within the succession. A  primary succession  describes primarily the plant communities that occupy a site that has not previously been vegetated. These plants can also be described as the vegetative  pioneer community.   Defining Plant Succession To understand a climax plant community, you must first understand plant succession which is simply the replacement of one plant community by another. This can occur when soils and sites are so harsh that few plants can survive and takes a very long time for plants to establish a root-hold to begin the process of succession.  When destructive agents like fire, flood and insect epidemic destroy an existing plant community, plant establishment can happen very rapidly. Primary plant succession starts on raw unvegetated land and usually  exists as a sand dune, an earth slide, a lava flow, a rock surface or a retreating glacier. It is obvious that these harsh conditions for plants would take eons for this type of exposed earth to decompose to support higher plants (with the exception of the earth slide which would start plant succession fairly quickly). Secondary plant succession generally starts on a site where some disturbance has set back a previous succession. The sere  can be continually setback which then lengthens the period to a potential  final plant community climax condition. Agricultural practices, periodic logging, pest epidemics, and wildland fire are the most common agents of secondary plant succession setbacks. Can You Define a Climax Forest? A plant community that is dominated by trees representing the last stage of natural succession  for that specific locality and environment, to some, is considered a climax forest. The name usually given to any particular climax forest is the name of the primary existing tree species and or its regional location. To be a climax forest, the trees growing within a particular geographic region should remain essentially unchanged in terms of species composition for as long as the site remains undisturbed. But, is this really a climax forest or just another late sere  that has avoided disturbance the longest. Do foresters who only manage trees over decades know enough to determine a climax forest and assume it to be the equivalent of late-stage succession? Should speculative ecologists conclude that there can never be a climax forest because cyclical disturbance (both natural and human-caused) will always be a constant in North American forests? The Climax Debate Is Still With Us The first published discussion(s) on the existence of climax communities started nearly a century ago with foundational papers written by two ecologists, Frederick Clements, and Henry Gleason. Their ideas were debated over decades and definitions of a climax changed with a greater understanding of a new science called ecology. Political winds also confused the topic with terms like virgin forests and old-growth forests. Today, most ecologists agree that climax communities are not common in the real world. They also agree that most exist in space and time and can be observed on large  time scales of many decades and on wide ranges of an  area, from a dozen acres to thousands of acres. Others believe that there can never be a real climax community because of constant disturbance over time. Foresters have adopted a silviculturally practical approach when managing large stable communities of climax tree species. They use and name a climax forest to be the final sere in terms of the stabilization of major tree species. These conditions are observed on a human timescale and can maintain specific tree species and other plants over hundreds of years. Examples of some of these are:   The coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest.The wetlands  in North America.The redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) forests.Beech-maple of the North American Northeast.

American Marketing Association

Marketing is a broad concept. According to the American Marketing Association, marketing is the set of activities and processes in order to create communication and deliver products or any kind of exchange that has some value to customers, clients or society. To develop sales and reputation it is important for any company to buildup strategies for emphasizing the concept of marketing. A company that lack good marketing strategy may lose essential opportunities for increasing their market value  (Armstrong, Adam, Denize, & Kotler, 2014). Australian retail market contains many noteworthy names. One such name is Woolworth that has attained a apex of success. For its target customers Woolworths have a wide range and variety of products that includes groceries, vegetables, meat, packaged food items, magazines stationary products and even DVD  (Arli, Dylke, Burgess, Campus, & Soldo, 2013). Recently Woolworths launched its clothing line in South Africa to increase its business and popularity. Woolworths has 980 stores across Australia and 16 retail stores without the name Woolworth but under the same logo. They have their Headquarters in New South Wales and they operate under the name Safeway in Victoria where they have four stores in rural Victoria and three in Melbourne. They are at the market of retail business for over 92 years with average sale of 33,275 million dollars and profit margin of 1099 million dollars. Their asset value is worth 11,936 million dollars  (Knox, 2014). In this current report the marketing strategies of Woolworth including the issues faced by the brand is discussed. Ways for resolving such issues is also recommended. In Australian Market, the prime competitor for Woolworths is Coles and together they dominate over 80% of the Australian retail market. In recent years however a new name Aldi, came to business to give these two giant a competition. Woolworths became the fastest growing food and liquor retailer in Australian market in 2013. For achieving such peaks, the company must have some concrete marketing strategies. In this section, these strategies are discussed elaborately with context to the eight Ps of marketing. The marketing strategy targeted for products includes Design, technology, usability, value, quality, brand and warranty. Woolworths being a retailer has a wide range of products in their supermarket chains. Their product range includes fresh and packaged foods and vegetables; beverages and liquor; clothing line; Home accessories. In addition, they also have financial services  (Perrone & Wodonga, 2015).   For food and beverages, they focus on quality. Supplying the customers with high quality food is their first choice. Next, they rely on convenience, providing the customers feasibility of shopping in wide range of branded products. Innovation is their strongest marketing strategy that includes delicious authentic yet innovative recipes, which are tasty yet nutritious. Their clothing line focus on improving ranges, introducing new fashionable styles in budget value and sustainable quality. Woolworths present a wide range of home accessories and furnishings that include kitchen an d bathroom ware, crockery and vases, bedroom wear and curtains. They also have a market for furniture that is stylish and contemporary in an affordable range  (Digital, 2017). Keeping their customers in mind, and to appeal to a huge range of customer, Woolworths offer a wide range of price that fits the budget of majority of taxpayers. To attract customers they give offers in a wide range of their products as well. A total basket of goods that includes bread, milk, eggs, apples, chicken, cabbage, cheese maize, sugar, mincemeat, soft drink, flour, tea bags, rice and margarine is worth R479.44, which is quite affordable. Combined with lucrative offers Woolworth has a solid marketing strategy to attract a good range of customers  (Digital, 2017). The successful promotional strategies that Woolworths take make them the key player in the Australian retail market. According to analysts, their key to success is that they focus more on growing category sales rather than price cut. Even though there are players in business who offer same range of products in much lower price, Woolworth stays as the customer’s choice of brand to shop. Their central focus is on extending their food and liquor range.   Promoting their grocery, petrol through celebrities had been a prime promotional strategy for Woolworths that attracted attention of customers. This helped increase their brand value considerably  (Methner, Hamann, & Nilsson, The Evolution of a Sustainability Leader: The Development of Strategic and Boundary Spanning Organizational Innovation Capabilities in Woolworths., 2015). Place represents a particular point from where products of an organization reach the end customers. Place can be both offline and online. Depending on the type of product offerings of the organization, online or offline mode is selected and in some cases both are selected, so that the company is able to grow its business manifold  (Armstrong, Adam, Denize, & Kotler, 2014). Place offers a different picture to the consumers. While deciding to set shop in a particular city, an organization has to carefully study various parameters with respect to the existing demography, purchasing power parity of the consumers, existing competitors and local tax laws. It is the community for whom quality products and services are offered by an organization. People factor can be categorized with respect to both in house human resources of the firm and also the consumers to whom the same will be sold. If qualities of services are not up to the mark or the desired level of expectations, then a very good quality product might not sell to its intended customers. Woolworths has an excellent human capital workforce which has helped them expand its network and product portfolio across Australia and now to South Africa as well  (Shin & Lee, 2015). Since it’s important to develop a quality product offering to the customers, the method in which a product undergoes should be of very high standard as customers are paying premium to buy the same  (Human & Bick, 2016). Quality is a critical attribute of Woolworths’ product offerings, which has been maintained since the time it set up its business in 1924. Through partnership route, a firm gains competitive advantage over its rivals as two brands and their distribution points and strategies merge together, thereby realizing good economies of scale  (Rosenbaum-Elliott, Elliott, H., Percy, & Pervan, 2015). When strategic partnerships are formed, it delivers a greater impact on the company’s intended message in the market through smart packaging of products and good merchandising. Physical evidence determines the level of satisfaction from the customer’s point of view. They often judge the quality of a product based on their perceptions of the surrounding infrastructure  (Muposhi & Dhurup, 2016) Achieving the business strategies, analyzing the influential environment on its profitable ground are the important point that Woolworths need for its understanding (Feigin, 2016). The corporate strategies are not only accomplished but also the business performance of the organization significantly affects on the impact of the external factors of the organization. On analyzing the external environment, the internal aspects will help Woolworths to improve its present strategies and turning the mission into effective actions (Methner, Hamann, & Nilsson, The Evolution of a Sustainability Leader, 2015). Woolworths adapted some competitive strategies for competing in retail industry. It identified its position the field of retail marketing.   The two levels of external environment can be divided into two major levels that include the environment of the industry that can influence outside the company and the general influential factor, called macro environment of the company. Issues that Woolworths faces currently in Australia that can be listed below: Woolworths, being a large market scale in retail industry; they have very low dependency on the suppliers of the particular items. They must have very low dependency rate in the ground of the supply chain (King & Thobela, 2014). The fixed customers of Woolworths bargains tremendously in the store for the discount of any items. They get huge level of discounts in the e-commerce sites almost al the year round. Customers start trusting those online sites more than to step in for the retail market (Cameron, Sayers, Sacks, & Thornton, 2015). The discounted items from the sites become cheap in the price range and the quality remains the same. The current and new threat of Woolworths is considered significantly due to several other reasons. Any new organization competing in the particular business needs a huge amount of start-up capital for fixing up the facilities and for operating the business. Woolworths competes with Coles with 23% of the market that is controlled by them. Woolworths is the leader of the Australian market and its position flourishes the power of the company for exploitation of the potentiality of the market by its well-built resources and a proper presence of the company (Feigin, 2016). The Australian government has several restrictions on the movement of Woolworths as it keeps on increasing its prices quiet higher for any of its products specially liquor. The price rise is one of the common business strategies for profit making. The increase in price rise is the major weakness of the company for promoting growth because government restricts that in the upcoming future. Woolworths have several opportunities that is related in the retail industry that focuses with the potentiality of the growth like computerization, advancement of the supply chain and the lifestyle that changes the consumers that facts the abilities of the retailers for growing better opportunities in the market. However, they have adopted several strategies to cope up with the strategies for adopting the multi optional retailing for the changing needs of the consumer. A new technology that is adopted by Woolworths was the subscription of GEMMN(Global Electronic Marketing and Merchandising Network). However, on improving their chain of supply and the system of distribution that includes important impacts on cost saving. They also introduced the facilities for the online shopping, which make them to identify from any other company  (Methner, Hamann, & Nilsson, The Evolution of a Sustainability Leader: The Development of Strategic and Boundary Spanning Organizational Innovation Capabilities in Woolworths., 2015). Recently, Woolworths have diversified from grocery store to Hotels, Petrol, Liquor general Merchandise and general services. The expansion and the acquisition made Woolworths a largest supermarket chain in Australia with 31% share. The main growth of Woolworths is by the strong commitment towards its employees and the customers. It has benefits for multiple activities with innovation and identified strengths for conducting operations flexibly by the coordination of the activities and the close interrogation by the employees and the customers. The first and foremost challenge for Woolworths has always been the neck-to-neck competition provided by the other Aussie retail giant Coles. The last couple year has brought a number of other competitors in the market as well (Ausfoodnews.com.au., 2017). Along with that, the customer satisfaction level of retail chains took a massive hit as the online sites started emerging with their new discount schemes every day. In order to cope up with the current market schemes and the government restrictions on price hike the retail markets are facing increasing debts. Woolworths is no exception to this scenario, and the financial equilibrium of the company took further hits due to its many acquisition in period of 2008 to 2012 (Santos, M., Svensson, & Padin, 2014). The geographical market seclusion also plays a major role in the current instability in the company and the need for global expansion has become prevalent. Dealing with this many challenges needs renovation in strategic and operat ional level; a few recommendations have been listed down below: Woolworths started its journey back in 1924 as just a basement outlet and have come a long way since then. In 2012, the company reached the pinnacle of success when it acquired the position of largest supermarket chain in Australia. Woolworths has managed to capture 31% market shares with a customer base of more than 28 million per week. Even after tackling the Australian retail market for almost a century, Woolworth still has challenges ahead to overcome if it wants to uphold its duopoly in the Aussie retail market. The cutthroat market competition and government jurisdictions have placed hurdles after hurdles in its path that has dimmed the market potential for Woolworths in the last couple of year. However, the Woolies have always been a trusted enterprise due to   their core competence and unsurpassed quality standards. Hence it can be concluded, that a company as reputed as Woolworths just needs a well-articulated and renovated marketing strategy with current market scenario at the focal point to put the company back in the market with renewed zeal. (2017, February). Retrieved from Ausfoodnews.com.au.: https://www.ausfoodnews.com.au/2015/05/06/woolworths-announces-new-strategies-to-win-over-grocery-shoppers-afn-reveals-full-detail.html Arli, V., Dylke, S., Burgess, R., Campus, R., & Soldo, E. (2013). Woolworths Australia and Walmart US: Best practices in supply chain collaboration. Journal of Economics, Business & Accountancy Ventura, 16(1). Armstrong, G., Adam, S., Denize, S., & Kotler, P. (2014). Principles of marketing. Australia.: Pearson Australia. Berning, A. (2014). Sustainable supply chain engagement in a retail environment. The case of Woolworths food suppliers. Cameron, A. J., Sayers, S. J., Sacks, G., & Thornton, L. E. (2015). Do the foods advertised in Australian supermarket catalogues reflect national dietary guidelines? Health promotion international. Digital, B. (. (2017, February 3). WOOLWORTHS HOLDINGS LIMITED | WOOLWORTHS RETAIL | OUR PRODUCTS. Retrieved from Digital, B. (2017). WOOLWORTHS HOLDINGS LIMITED | WOOLWORTHS RETAWoolworthsholdings.co.za. : https://www.woolworthsholdings.co.za/retail/products.asp Feigin, L. M. (2016). The effects of protests and boycotts on a brand and its reputation. Feigin, L. M. (2016). The effects of protests and boycotta case study on Woolworths and boycott, divestment and sanctions (BDS) (Doctoral dissertation, The IIE). Fernie, J., & Sparks, L. (2014). Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Human, C. J., & Bick, G. (2016). BOS Brands: challenges of internationalisation. Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies, 6(4), 1-32. Keith, S. (2012). Coles, Woolworths and the local. Locale: The Australasian-Pacific Journal of Regional Food Studies. The Australasian-Pacific Journal of Regional Food Studies, 47-81. King, L., & Thobela, S. (2014). Woolworths farming for the future. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review. Knox, M. ( 2014). Supermarket monsters: Coles, woolworths and the price we pay for their domination. The Monthly. Methner, N., Hamann, R., & Nilsson, W. (2015). The Evolution of a Sustainability Leader: The Development of Strategic and Boundary Spanning Organizational Innovation Capabilities in Woolworths. Springer International Publishing. Methner, N., Hamann, R., & Nilsson, W. (2015). The Evolution of a Sustainability Leader. Springer International Publishing. Methner, N., Hamann, R., & Nilsson, W. (2015). The Evolution of a Sustainability Leader: The Development of Strategic and Boundary Spanning Organizational Innovation Capabilities in Woolworths. In The Business of Social and Environmental Innovation, 87-104. Muposhi, A., & Dhurup, M. (2016). A Qualitative Inquiry Of Generation Y Consumers' Selection Attributes In The Case Of Organic Products. The International Business & Economics Research Journal (Online), 15(1),, 1. Perrone, A., & Wodonga, T. A. (2015). Centralian College: Creating a strategic marketing plan for long-term growth. Marketing. Centralian College. Rosenbaum-Elliott, R., Elliott, H., R., Percy, L., & Pervan, S. (2015). Strategic brand management. USA.: Oxford University Press,. Santos, A. D., M., Svensson, G., & Padin, C. (2014). Implementation, monitoring and evaluation of sustainable business practices: framework and empirical illustration. Corporate Governance. In A. D. Santos, M., G. Svensson, & C. Padin, Implementation, monitoring and evaluation of sustainable business practices: framework and empirical illustration. Corporate Governance (pp. 515-530). Shin, S., & Lee, S. H. (2015). Effects of Business Environmental Factors on 4P Mix of Eco-friendly Textile in Textile Fashion Firms. Fashion business, 19(2), 36-52. End your doubt 'should I pay someone to do my dissertation by availing dissertation writing services from

Summaries of the articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Summaries of the articles - Essay Example The program is a survey based effort that has evolved out of the initial programs of the 1980s. The survey has a web based program that gathers information from working pharmacists and categorizes them in 1 of 25 categories. The findings are then published in an effort to aid current and future pharmacists in designing their own career path. In addition, the report is broken down between pharmacist and pharmaceutical scientist. In addition to listing areas as diverse as teaching and management, the findings report on workers' job satisfaction, workload, and demographics. In an article titled New Perspective Urged to Combat Resistant Microbes author Kate Traynor reports on the recent efforts to make antimicrobial effectiveness a public health priority. The author states that antimicrobial resistance is a major threat to public health and the article urges "antimicrobial effectiveness be treated as a natural resource, much like oil, fish, or forests" (p.1248). The importance of the issue is highlighted by Ramanan Laxminarayan, a senior fellow at the prestigious Resources for the Future who is quoted as saying "Antibiotic resistance is an immediate threat to public health" (p.1246). Laxminarayan calls for the implementation of a new government policy. The article pointed out that reducing microbial resistanc... The author states that the role of the pharmacist is pivotal in the process as they are in a position to encourage appropriate use of antimicrobials, and reduce the incidence of the over prescribing that encourages resistance. In addition, pharmacists should work with health care facilities to minimize antimicrobial exposure, while protecting the patient. Atopic March to a Dead End or Does the Theory Really Have Legs Author Frederic R. Curtiss challenges the long held belief that atopic dermatitis (AD) precedes the development of asthma in an article titled Atopic March to a Dead End or Does the Theory Really Have Legs Curtiss relies on the expert opinion of Hywel Williams, Foundation Professor of Dermato-Epidemiology at the Centre of Evidence-Based Dermatology at the University of Nottingham's Queen's Medical Centre's NHS Trust. Professor Williams states there is still the conventional wisdom in regards to the 'atopic march' in which AD progresses to atopic manifestations (AM). Williams argues that , "he was not aware of any clinical trial that has evaluated the effectiveness of early aggressive treatment of AD as a means to prevent or mollify AMs such as food allergy, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and asthma" (p.810). He contends there is simply not enough evidence to confirm the 'atopic march'. One of the problems in the attempt to confirm this effect is the reliance on existing health care records and their limitations. Curtiss contends that, "It is healthy for readers to keep in mind that administrative claims were not intended to be used for research that implies accuracy and precision in coding for diagnoses and that administrative claims research necessarily suffers from