Comparative Healthcare Workforce Diversity Free Essay Example, 2750 words

The purpose of this paper is to examine the healthcare workforce diversity in American hospitals and then establish the patterns and problems within this area. From a human resources perspective, it will then examine different ways of managing this diversity to try and establish a positive workforce diversity program which aims to provide good, consistent service to the population. The different layers of the healthcare workforce will be examined to try and provide a full picture of the workforce in the United States. Also, the examination will illustrate that how this is affecting the healthcare system within this country, and try to come to some resolution with regards to improving, managing and maintaining the system. To examine the management of healthcare diversity in American hospitals, it is worth looking at current issues within the workforce diversity of American hospitals within current academic researches. It has been noted that providing diversity in healthcare is vitall y important for 'culturally competent healthcare' and it is instrumental in providing a good and worthwhile service to the population. The real question is, however, how much diversity is there currently in healthcare in the United States? We will write a custom essay sample on Comparative Healthcare Workforce Diversity or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now It has been shown that there are serious sociocultural boundaries between different groups when it comes to careers in healthcare, with only 2% of healthcare workers identifying as Hispanic or Latino, despite the fact that 12.5% of the general population identifies as this race. This is not the only example of a mismatch in diversity within the workforce. Gamble has shown that African Americans are also severely underrepresented in healthcare within the United States. With such an emphasis being placed on providing good healthcare that is both culturally relevant and culturally sensitive, it is obvious that these disparities are a significant problem in American healthcare. Interestingly, it has also been found that areas with high diversity with respect to African Americans and Latino residents are just as likely as predominantly white areas to have a shortage of physicians.

Anderson Cooper Book Review Essay - 931 Words

Culminating Book Review Anderson Cooper’s: Dispatches from the Edge He is well known for working for CNN and is one of the most influential news reporters and show anchors. Anderson Cooper. He has written a rather tragic and informational book about his traveling and reporting experiences in a part of his life, his book is called Dispatches From The Edge, where he talks about four most important events that have occurred and made him into the person he is now. In each event, he’s with his crew, tying to get a good story and document about later. His cameraman and translator are with him, working around the clock, He begins to talk to us more about his early life, and continues to talk about his experiences in Sri Lanka, Iraq, Niger†¦show more content†¦And when he nearly has started a great career, his own brother committed suicide right before his eyes. For a reason he doesn’t even know. But this was where and when it all started. This was the great impact on Coopers life. Cooper covered hundreds of stories, in the beginning he is in Sri Lanka, the morning after Christmas. He explains why the tsunami has occurred. He cannot nearly describe the feeling and what he sees. He feels like this was a part of him that was almost â€Å"craving† to see. After his brother died, he thought seeing death was normal for him. He put himself into those dangerous situations just to see more. I find it, that, the main conflict of this part was the fact that he was searching for a conflict. Once he finally gets his hands on †breaking news†, he finds himself looking for that story’s, lets say, characters. Staring at a wall of pictures, trying to identify the members. It was after similar events where he did not seem to care about what normal was. But Cooper, however, did not know what that was. Instead the second he found out about the war in Iraq, he was on a plane, not knowing at all where he would go from there. This I felt was the most crucial part in defining the direction his life went to. H is need to see blood and bodies was becoming into a conflict itself. He described himself as beastly. He forgot what being normal was. This was rather disturbing, and very negative direction to where his life was heading. This book is almost toShow MoreRelatedSell Sheet Biographical sketch Darrell Case is the author of Live Life to the Fullest, Out of700 Words   |  3 Pagesforges ahead; unaware he is endangering his life and the lives of others. Invagating he uncovers a plot by deacons Sean O’Malley and Frederick Cooper. For years these two have bilked the church out of hundreds of thousands of dollars. At Cooper’s home he confronts them. Sean pulls a gun threading to kill Adam. A fight ensues Adam is wounded and Frederick Cooper is killed. Sean tries to pins Cooper’s death Adam. Adam is taken to the hospital and kept under heavy guard.. However Cooper’s confessionRead MoreEssay on Hurricane Katrina: Two Disasters2020 Words   |  9 PagesState governmental agencies did what they could with what means they had in this disaster of Hurricane Katrina, but the Federal government really dropped the ball in the way this disaster was handled, and needed to step in sooner than they did. In the book, â€Å"What Happened: Inside the Bush White House and Washington’s Culture of Deception,† Hurricane Katrina and the way it was handled is explored but does not truly blame President Bush for making poor decisions or make him personally responsible for theRead MorePhar-Mor Case1536 Words   |  7 PagesMichael Monus, chief financial officer Patrick Finn, vice president of finance Jeffrey Walley, controller Stanley Charelstein, and accounting manager John Anderson were all convicted of financial statement fraud. As a result of this fraud charges were also filed against Phar-Mor’s independence audit company, Coopers amp; Lybrand LLP (Coopers). It is in direct response to accounting scandals such as this that The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) was drafted. SOX was created in large to increaseRead MoreDevotion1592 Words   |  7 Pages In 1956, Benjamin Bloom headed a group of educational psychologists who developed a classification of levels of intellectual behavior important in learning. During the 1990 s a new group of cognitive psychologists, lead by Lorin Anderson (a former student of Bloom), updated the taxonomy to reflect relevance to 21st century work. Bloom s Taxonomy was primarily created for academic education, however it is relevant to all types of learning. Interestingly, at the outset, Bloom believedRead MoreStrategic Management Accounting13457 Words   |  54 Pagesyears? Kim Langï ¬ eld-Smith Monash University, Melbourne, Australia Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the origins of strategic management accounting and to assess the extent of adoption and â€Å"success† of strategic management accounting (SMA). Design/methodology/approach – Empirical papers which have directly researched SMA and prior review papers of the adoption and implementation of SMA or SMA techniques are reviewed. As well as assessing the extent of adoption ofRead MoreThe Effect of Marketing Efficiency, Brand Equity and Customer Satisfaction on Firm Performance an Econometric Model and Data Envelopment Aproach7341 Words   |  30 Pagesprofitability. Theoretical aspects have been considered in the research of 2 customer satisfaction construct (e.g. Anderson and Sullivan 1993; Anderson et al. 1994, Fornell et al. 1996) as well as in the research of brand equity (e.g. Aaker 1991; Keller 1993, 1999). Some empirical aspects of the link of marketing positions on firm performance have been developed (e.g. Anderson et al. 2004, Gruca and Rego 2005, Madden et al. 2006). However studies which focus on researching the impact of customerRead More The Hudson RIver School Of Artist Essay1534 Words   |  7 Pagesnewspapers. The mass production of prints and as illustrations in American novels such as the Leather stocking Tales of James Fennimore Cooper, which concerned themselves, at least in part with the place of nature in the American experience. In 1841, writing a review of James Fenimore Coopers Leatherstocking Tales, Honore de Balzac wrote quot;The magical prose of Cooper not only embodies the spirit of the river, its shores, the forests and its trees; but it exhibits the minutes details, combined withRead MoreThe Accounting Fraud At Worldcom Essay1349 Words   |  6 Pagesstatements. Without full disclosure of these items no one could see how many risks the company was taking by making fraudulent entries against their books. Also the external audit team, Arthur Anderson, held WorldCom as one of its best customers which was a major conflict of interest. This relationship lead to many fundamental mistakes from Anderson not keeping pressure on WorldCom and getting all vital information that would prove how poorly the company was being run. Had they been operating transparentlyRead MoreThe Activity-Based Costing Method- Development and Applications5338 Words   |  22 Pagesmethod and its main managerial development, A ctivity-Based Management (ABM), are quite famous.1 But the numerous developments based on the ABC method are neither very well-known nor discussed. The ABC method was designed in the US during the 1980s (Cooper and Kaplan, 1988).2 It is a refined cost system which enables classifying more costs as direct, to expend the number of indirect cost pools and to identify cost drivers. ABC favors better cost allocation using smaller cost pools called activitiesRead MoreAccounting Fraud at Worldcom 33346 Words   |  14 PagesAccounting Fraud at WorldCom 1) What are the pressures that lead executives and managers to â€Å"cook the books?† After the rapid evolution of the telecommunication industry in the 1990s, WorldCom shifted its strategy to focus on building revenues and acquiring capacity sufficient to handle expected growth. Their biggest goal was to be the No. 1 stock on Wall Street rather than capturing the market share. As a result, their Expense-to-Revenue (E/R) Ratio was their measurement for their main objective

The Revolt Of Mother By Mary E. Wilkins - 1094 Words

Even in the 21st century, there is still a lingering idea that women strictly belong in the home. This can be attributed to both the continuous, though evolved, embrace of the Cult of Domesticity and natural law. In the eighteenth century the Cult of Domesticity was embraced and challenged by many women, as it is today. â€Å"The Revolt of Mother† by Mary E. Wilkins Freeman is a literary example that reinforces the idea of the Cult of Domesticity by showing the reader the boundaries between genders and the power, however limited, that a woman has. In contrast, Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of An Hour†, shows the constraints that gender roles put on a woman. Chopin’s story challenges the Cult of Domesticity by using the character’s internal dialogue to show that this was not the life she pictured. The Cult of Domesticity can be tied to other themes, such as the burden of motherhood, as in â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† by Tillie Olsen. The home a nd the children were all under control of the woman of the house, and though it sometimes feels like a burden, it is the woman’s obligation. Olsen did not fully accept nor fully condemn the Cult of Domesticity; she simply presented it as the way of life. By using the main character’s internal monologues and their actions to control, or not control, their domains, each of these authors presents their view on the Cult of Domesticity. Wilkin’s story, â€Å"The Revolt of Mother† is often misinterpreted by modern readers. Mother is not challenging her role asShow MoreRelatedRevolt of Mother, by Mary E. Wilkins Essay1126 Words   |  5 PagesThe story â€Å"Revolt of Mother,† by Mary E. Wilkins depicts a woman (Sarah Penn) who is constantly exempt by her husband (Adonriam Penn) in taking part in important decisions until her frustration reached a breaking point, which ultimately leads to drastic changes in their family. In contrast a similar conflict ar ises in the movie Sleeping With the Enemy (1991), which was directed by Joseph Ruben. In the movie the main character, Laura Burney, had everything her heart desired. On the surface she hadRead MoreThe Revolt Of Mother By Mary E. Wilkins Freeman1510 Words   |  7 Pagesviewed it as right. One writer in particular, Mary E. Wilkins Freeman, published a short story the displayed the injustice in the treatment. â€Å"The Revolt of Mother† clearly displays the repression of women in a society much like the one we live in today, and the story leaves the reader with an essential lesson of standing up for one’s self. This piece of work is heavily influenced by the oppression Freedom faced during her life time. In Freeman’s story â€Å"Mother† is meant to represent every woman, whileRead MoreThe Revolt Of Mother By Mary E. Wilkins Freeman And Trifles By Susan Glaspell1736 Words   |  7 PagesKeana Jones April 6, 2017 â€Å"The Revolt of ‘Mother’† by Mary E. Wilkins Freeman and Trifles by Susan Glaspell: Where’s The Power Of Feminism ? In the late nineteenth century, America was considered as a patriarchal society. Where males had all control and women worked as their slave. Women were to support all decisions, cook, clean, conceive children, teach, and remain silent. Women has continuously remained a lower standard than men. Still today, womankind is assumed of as unintelligent, inadequateRead More American Literature: Kate Chopin, and Mary Eleanor Wilkins Freeman1506 Words   |  6 Pagesto develop during the antebellum era in the late 19th century and the 20th century. At this period of time many writers started to get well known in the American society. Good examples of two good antebellum era writers are Kate Chopin, and Mary Eleanor Wilkins Freeman. These two women made a big impact in the American history. Both of these women were very important writers, and well known for their American romance fiction short stories. Chopin’s and Freeman’s short stories were very interestingRead MoreThe Revo lt Of Mother By Mary Wilkins996 Words   |  4 PagesOppression will not last forever. Sooner or later, the oppressed subject will stand up against the oppressor someday and finally attains freedom, dignity, and respect. Mary Wilkins wrote her short story, â€Å"The Revolt of ‘Mother’† which mainly focused on a woman to stand up against her authoritarian husband. She wrote it during the time when women had no voice and counted as a second class citizen if not a slave. The writer realized that speaking out was the only chain breaker, especially for the oneRead MoreSummary Of The Revolt Of Mother 1686 Words   |  7 PagesThe Revolt of Women? In Freeman’s â€Å"The Revolt of Mother†, Sarah is a woman trying to break through her husband’s wall of indifference. Indifference to her opinion, to what she cares about, and what she believes is right. This indifference to women and their beliefs is not out of the ordinary though for this time period. Men of the time supposedly knew best and did whatever they thought was best. Women, like Sarah, have little to no right to do or say as they please. Sarah, being the strong and semi-independentRead More The Battle of the Sexes Continue in The Revolt Of Mother Essay1555 Words   |  7 PagesThe Battle of the Sexes Continue in The Revolt Of Mother   Ã‚  Ã‚   Unsolicited opportunities are the guide-posts of the Lord to the new roads of life. This quote from Mary E. Wilkins Freemans The Revolt Of Mother exemplifies the independent and rebellious spirit of the main character, Sarah Penn. Because Sarah Penns behavior is unorthodox for a woman of the nineteenth century, the author constantly compared her to similar historical figures.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Mrs. Penn is baking her husbandsRead MoreMary Freemans The Revolt of Mother and the Domestic Feminist1394 Words   |  6 Pageswomen felt there was a great dignity in the lifestyle of the housewife, and that raising children was not a job to scoff at. Mary Freemans short story â€Å"The Revolt of Mother,† tells the story of such a domestic woman, Sarah, who has no interest in leaving her position as mother, but still wishes to have her voice heard in the private sphere of her home. Freemans â€Å"Revolt of Mother,† illustrates an alternative means of resistance for women who rejected the oppression of patriarchy without a withdrawalRead MoreSentimental Plot Essay992 Words   |  4 Pagesfor her to successfully publish she would have to follow the sentimental romance plot and kill Calixta in the end to prove that the decisions she made were wrong and had consequences. Mary E. Wilkins in â€Å"The Revolt of Mother† is another example tha t goes against the grain of the sentimental plot it deals with a mother that confronts her husband and goes against his say so which in the 19th century was something that was frowned upon. â€Å"Now father, said she you needn’t be scared. I ain’t crazy. ThereRead MoreEssay on The Revolt Of Mother938 Words   |  4 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In â€Å"The Revolt of Mother,† written by Mary E. Wilkins Freeman, along with the narrator, we can experience how human beings communicate. Time and setting are the most important definitions of a person’s life. A person cannot change the time he lives in. He lives in the present, the past, or the future. However, his place in location, he is able to choose himself. If a person lives in a city, on a farm, in the mountains, or by the ocean—this can define the nature of

Teaching Young Learners - 758 Words

English language has been rated as one of the most important international languages nowadays. It has been found at primary levels around the world. Teaching English as a foreign language is not an easy task and need a lot of hard work, especially for young learners. However, starting earlier is not the solution for producing better English speakers. EFL teachers of young learners have to follow some strategies and techniques to understand and teach young learners better. YL Students who aged 5-12 can not spend two or three hours sitting on chairs and listening to teachers lectures as adults do. They lose interest more quickly and less able to keep motivated on tasks for long time because these students have short attention spans and are†¦show more content†¦The physical sitting reflects and affects the teacher teaching style. The teacher has to adjust the classroom environment to students’ preferences to have better results in their academic achievement. First of al l, try to make the classroom walls more creative by adding pictures and colorful paintings. Also, provide opportunities for children to move around and sitting in circle. Children will learn better if they move from one area to another. Children become more attentive and active in comfortable sitting that leads to achieve higher grades and better understanding. There are some common theories related to child learning that can inform how we think of the child as a language learner. One of the major theorists in developmental psychology is Piaget. Piaget theory regarded the child as active learner and thinker. The child is alone in the world that he figures out how to take action to solve problems that learning occurs. The knowledge that results from such action is not imitated but actively constructed by the child. Piaget differentiates between assimilation and accommodation in which development can take place as a result of activity. Assimilation happens when action takes place with out any change to the child, while accommodation involves the child adjusting to features of the environment. Therefore, fromShow MoreRelatedTeaching English For Young Learner815 Words   |  4 PagesAfter going through the program of Teaching English to Young Learner (TEYL) course for one semester, I could realize that I have been acquiring positive inputs for my self-development. Those inputs are mostly obtained from the way the lecturer set up the learning activities and from the learning materials including journal articles and any reading materials, uncovering the concept and the issues on the practice of TEYL in Indonesia. Given those inputs during the course period, the improvement takesRead MoreTeaching English For Young Learners Essay2081 Words   |  9 PagesTeaching English to young learners has become an issue in Indonesia over the last 20 years, since the Ministry of Education in 1994 announced that English had to be taught at primary school from grade four as a loca l content subject. ‘Local content subject’ refers to a compulsory subject that is not considered a core subject (The Ministry of Education and Culture, 2006). In 2013, a new national curriculum (The Ministry of Education and Culture, 2013) was launched. In this new curriculum studentsRead MoreTeaching Vocabulary to Young English Learners3602 Words   |  15 PagesTeaching English vocabulary to young learners A crucial component of learning a foreign language is the acquisition of vocabulary. For young learners, the very first words that they acquire could lay the profound basis for a better later learning of the children. This study is intended to investigate the specific application of techniques in teaching English vocabulary to young learners. I strived to investigate the current techniques in teaching vocabulary to young learners and studiedRead MoreTeaching Critical Thinking For Young Learners Essay1394 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of this research is to show how teaching critical thinking to young learners result in higher level critical thinking adults. Critical thinking children become critical thinking adults. Critical thinking, itself is a multi-faceted, multi-concept, multi-discipline process, that is skilled and accuracy-based. According to Paul, critical thinking involves an abundance of elements including clarity, relevancy, precision, and consistency. Critica l thinking is full of sub-categories, whereRead MoreTefl Teaching English to Young Learners2584 Words   |  11 PagesTeaching English to Young Learners with GO TEFL Result: 81% Assignment Answer the following questions based on your course readings for this module. (100 marks) Part 1: This section covers multiple choice type questions. Choose the correct answer from the possible answers provided. 1. What is one of the main differences between children and adult EFL students? (1) 1. Children are more likely to be forced to attend the classes.   2. Games are effective for children but not effective forRead MoreTeaching English Vocabulary Through Pictures for Young Learners1546 Words   |  7 PagesTeaching English Vocabulary through Pictures for Young Learners INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background All languages consist of words. Languages emerge first as words, both historically, and in terms of the way each of us learned our first and any subsequent languages. Vocabulary plays an important role because it appears in every language skills. Mastering vocabulary is very important for the students who learn English as a foreign language. It is because vocabulary is a key to young learners understandingRead MoreThe Language Of Science And Technology1333 Words   |  6 Pagesthat can explain why young learners have priority in learning languages. This notion makes governments and parents want to contribute to teaching English for young learners. Learning English for young learners has become a phenomenon. As a result of this increasing interest , a lot of books have been published and several test and measurement tools have been developed and conducted. There are a linguistic and psychological theories showing processes that assist young learners in acquiring foreignRead MoreUnde rstanding Inclusive Learning and Teaching in Lifelong Learning1544 Words   |  7 Pagessessions to my learners. Protection of Children Act (1999) and Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act (2006) An important Part of this act to ensure all professionals working with young people have undergone a vetting process. I underwent a CRB check before starting my role. Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 This is an act to ensure everyone takes responsibility to provide a safe working environment for other professional and learners. It is my responsibility ensure classrooms and teaching areas areRead MoreThe Science Behind Learner Motivation And Its Connection With Gamification Essay952 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction During Jane McGonagall’s 2010 TED Talk video â€Å"Gaming can make a better world†, she states â€Å"the average young person today in a country with a strong gamer culture will have spent ten thousand hours gaming by age 21†. Such numbers alone should pique the interest of every educator in our country. Young people today spend the same amount of time learning at school as they spend gaming (TED Talk, 2010). Many people view video games as fun, exciting, and adventurous outlets where they canRead MoreThe Standards Movement : Developing High Quality Early Childhood Programs958 Words   |  4 Pagesguidelines that prepared young children for school. Young learners were prepared in areas of cognitive, language and communication, physical, and social/emotional development. The National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) and the National Association of Early Childhood Specialists in State Departments of Education (NAECS/SDE, n. d.) notes  "that early learning standards can be a valuable part of a comprehensive, high-quality system of services for young children† (p. 1). However

Kashmir Issue Free Essays

These claims are often reinforced with partisan interpretation of history and selective evidence. The real attitude and concrete policies towards the dispute, however, are often governed by perception of short term â€Å"national interests† as defined by dominant political elite of the two countries the interests that apparently are irreconcilable and non-negotiable. While each side sticks to its claims over Kashmir, the Kashmiri Muslims continue to pay a heavy price for their defiant struggle against overwhelming odds in order to exercise their right of self determination. We will write a custom essay sample on Kashmir Issue or any similar topic only for you Order Now For more than half a century the Kashmiris are oscillating between uncertainty and destitution. They continue to suffer misery and repression under illegal Indian occupation, and despite a stream of strong words and resolutions passed by the Security Council the Kashmir issue is still a bone o f contention between Pakistan and India. Rather the situation has taken a quantum leap for the worse. Indian has conceded the Security Council resolutions vindicating the right of self determination for the Kashmiris but has since reneged on its solemn commitment to the international community and the people of Kashmir. The brutal and blatant Indian repression and state sponsored terrorism against innocent Kashmiri men, women and children had few parallels in the annals of history. The valley has become a festering sore and the miseries of the oppressed people of this valley and the â€Å"terror let loose† by Indian forces is not less cataclysmic in nature than that of Jaliawala massacre ordered by infamous General Rex Dyer. In spite of facing all these hazards, the freedom fighters are exuberant. They have not only caused the military and political debacle to India but they have also done irreparable damage to Indian’s much touted and trumpeted secularism. Would it be too much to assume that Kashmir might well be the graveyard of Indian secularism. Unless sanity prevails to make the B.. P leadership realize the sheer folly o f their politico military aggression against the Kashmiris. In the name of freedom and self determination, the Kashmiris are being inured, mutilated and killed, their women raped, and their children robbed of hope for a better future. The dispute has shattered their economy polarized their society and festered a culture of violence among the people known for their non violent character. But the Kashmiris are not only the one’s who suffer from the adverse consequences of the dispute. Millions in Pakistan and India re paying a high cost form direct or indirect effects of this issue. Both counties spend huge and unaffordable resources on defence which could be spent more productively on improving the lot of their people. The Kashmir issue has also led both counties to use their limited scientific knowledge and skills to develop weapons of mass destruction exposing them the an unimaginable holocaust. The dispute and military activities related to it have strengthened the pre-existing culture of violence, promoted glorification of material values and intensified the desire to take revenge from the enemy for the past humiliations. The culture will be a breeding ground for future conflicts between the two countries. Even if the Kashmir problem itself is somehow solved. The Kashmiris have long history of sufferings and oppression, the worst chapter of which was written by the Dogra rule, particularly from 1931 onwards. Contrary to their hopes the partition of the sub-continent and the emergence of two new states, instead of ending the woes of Kashmiris, multiplied them. Since then they have suffered the consequences of three wars, well documented atrocities by the Indian army since 1989 and often violent activities of the militants, a umber of them religiously motivated non Kashmiris. Since the days of Muslim Mughal Empire, Kashmir has got a prominent Muslim majority population. There are more than eighty percent Muslims and the Hindu population is less than twenty percent. Unfortunately, on the fall of Mughal Empire, the State fell to the British East Company in 1840, which sold it to the Sikh traitor â€Å"Raja Gulab Singh† in 1846, as reward for his betrayal of the Sikhs at a very negligible price of Rs. 75 lac. Hence onward the Muslim population of Kashmir came under continuous torment of the cruel Sikh rulers. They tried to strengthened their hold on the State with the singular aim of shattering the will of their Muslim subjects, crushing their religious zeal. They cowed them down into accepting the slavery of the Hindu minority. The genesis of the Kashmir issue is that in August 1947, when partition of the sub-continent took place, Lord Mountbatten, the viceroy of undivided India, influenced Radcliff into awarding the predominantly Muslim district of Gurdaspur, situated in the East Punjab, to India. By this treacherous act, admitted by Lord Mountbatten himself on nation wide British television, the cruel Viceroy not only subjected a Muslim majority area to the cursed Hindu domination, it also sowed the seed from which could crop up the domination of India on another predominantly Muslim State Kashmir, because it is only through a narrow strap in the Gurdaspur district that India was linked with Kashmir. The canker in no time cropped up into the â€Å"Kashmir Problem† that has ever since proved to be a serious threat to the security of the South Asian region. Pakistan has made a lot of efforts to break the strangled hold of India on Kashmir, including third party’s mediations but the fate of Kashmiris is still trembling in the balance. The first effort was made when immediate after partition India airlifted its forces to Srinagar. When Quaid-e-Azam was informed he ordered Incharge of Pak Army General Gracy, to send forces to Srinagar but the General refused to do so. Mujahideen tried their level best to capture the valley but they were defeated by Indian army as they were not well equipped and trained. Then India took this dispute to the Security Council. The Security Council decided that a plebiscite must be held in Kashmir. At that time India agreed but after sometime she backed out of her promise. In 1962 Pakistan lost a golden opportunity to conquer Kashmir during Indo-china war. As India requested President Kennedy of America to influence Pakistan for not taking any step regarding Kashmir during Indo-China war. Kennedy pressurized Ayub Khan and he accepted the America influence on these conditions that after Indo-China war America would help in resolving the Kashmir issue through discussion. In this regard after the Indo-China war Sheikh Abdullah came to Pakistan to initiate some discussion on Kashmir. During his tour of Pakistan Jawahar Lal Nehru died and he had to rush back. Ayub Khan tried to atone for his mistake and he prepared five thousand gorillas form army to capture Kashmir. This operation was given the name of â€Å"operation Gibraltar† and it was done in 1965. All these gorillas caused a lot of destruction in the valley but at least they all were captured or killed by the Indian forces due to lack of planning. In revenge, India made heavy shelling on Awan Sharif, a village near border. In response to this incident Pakistani forces along with Azad Kashmir forces crossed the ceasefire line by making official announcement. During this war of 1965, at one stage the Pakistani forces advanced upto Akhnoor and they were in a position to capture Srinagar as well but under Soviet Union’s influence Ayub Khan declared ceasefire. In this way Pakistan also lost this opportunity to get Kashmir. The Indian areas occupied by the Pakistani forces were also given bank to India according to â€Å"Tashkent Accord†. After this war, tension mounted between the two countries upto this extent that they had another war in 1971. This war resulted in separation of East Pakistan as an independent State now known as Bangladesh. The Kashmiri freedom fighters took inspiration from brave freedom fighting display of Afghanis and an upgrade uprising began in the valley. But due to lack of planning and poor diplomatic approach, this brilliant tactical move ended in a terrible strategic blunder. Before Kargil episode, international opinion was focused on Indian army repression in Kashmir. What a pity that Kargil changed this focus completely. India achieved the world’s sympathies through its excellent diplomatic policies and quickly made propaganda against Pakistan mainly through its electronic media. On the other hand Pakistan became isolated in international politics and even China the most reliable friend of Pakistan gave a cold shoulder in these circumstances. The ex-Prime Minister of Pakistan had to call off the whole operation due to huge international pressure. The most unfortunate aspect of the whole Kargil operation was tht although jawans, officers and Mujahideen won the war at Kargil hills, yet they had to descend as Pakistani government lost this war on the diplomatic front. The great uprising is still going on in the valley. Pakistan tried to internationalize the Kashmiri freedom fighting and inhuman behavior of Indian forces through Kargil operation in 1999. Under this scenario of events, it is clear that a change in policy direction is necessary. New objectives have to be formed. Almost certainly the wings of our hawks have to clipped. For this purpose the following steps can be taken: One, the line of control can be transformed into the international border between Pakistan and India . India itself has been moving in this direction for a while now- in the event of its inability to stamp out the freedom struggle in Kashmir. This option is, from the Indian perspective, the least disturbing and the most aligned to its prevailing Kashmir stance. However, despite this option having support amongst some Western analysts, it is unworkable. This is because the line of control has never been accepted by the Kashmiris. Rather, it is simply a temporary cease fire line which marks a cessation of military hostilities between two antagonists and is expected to remain in place until the dispute is resolved. Two, the valley of Kashmir along with some Northern areas, must be given independence. This option although sounds very well, yet from India’s point of view it is not beneficial because an independent Kashmir bordering China will become a permanent thereat to India. Three, Northern areas in control of Pakistan whereas Jammu and Laddakh should be given under trusteeship of United Nations for twenty years in order to eliminate the Pakistan and Indian influence and than after twenty years it should be asked from the people of Kashmir whether they want to become independent or they want to become a part of Pakistan or India. In the light of above mentioned options for the solution of Kashmir issue, the third option is very much applicable as it looks neutral in all respects. So, conceived in this way, it is a reality that Kashmir continues to define parameters of the Pak-India relationship. And unless it is resolved there is a detente between these two states, there con not be meaningful stability in South Asia, which would allow India the power status is seeks. But as a matter of fact, India has ignored the realities of history its own leaders commitments to a plebiscite in Kashmir, India has denied itself a role commensurate with its power indicators. This is the time now that India must act with the confidence of a great power and more beyond its unacceptable status quo stance in Kashmir. It is clear that India can not maintain status quo in Kashmir indefinitely that is untenable. Even if Kargil had not happen in 1999, India would have had to accept that it has failed to make Kashmir an integral part of Indian Union through a bizarre mix of the use of military force and elections. Despite the horrible facts of Indian repression in the valley and the failure of lot of efforts mentioned above one may hope that according to the concrete stance taken by Pakistan the things will be changed for Kashmiris and that day is not far away when the Kashmiris will get the reward of their sacrifices and hey would also be able to get the palm. How to cite Kashmir Issue, Essay examples

Reflective Practice in Nursing-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Critically reflect on your current journey throughout this course / programme. Write a comprehensive account of the journey using your reflective journal entries / strategies. You may use any Reflective Models / Frameworks to explore your reflective thoughts and feelings. Answer: Introduction: I am currently employed as the head nurse in a female surgical unit and have 18 years of experience in healthcare. I also am certified in advance emergency management in trauma (6 month course). My experience in working as a healthcare professional exposed me to several challenges in healthcare industry. Much of the challenges stemmed from the inability to learn from personal experiences as well as experience of others. This emphasized the importance of reflective writing in my profession. I was able to learn the basics of reflective writing and thinking through personal studies and research, and I was able to formulate the following understanding of the topic. The process of thinking can be comprised of two distinct aspects: reflective thinking and critical thinking. Both of these are closely associated that helps to develop a balanced thinking process. It helps to justify actions, solve problems, find deeper meaning and identify scope of changes. Such knowledge can further help to build or break current assumptions, values, attitudes and beliefs and revisit experiences. These can finally amalgam to foster personal development and growth. Here reflection can be understood as a kind of personal response to events, information, situation or experiences, which enables development of thinking and learning. A good reflective practice incorporates revision of previous experiences and subjective knowledge, as well as pays emphasis on the reasons, method and consequences of actions, and helps in the examination of ones belief, values, attitude and assumptions. It therefore helps to link between the knowledge possessed by the individual with the ex periences and their learning outcomes. This can further foster development of critical thinking and analysis (Student.unsw.edu.au, 2018). Figure 1: Thinking process; source: (Student.unsw.edu.au, 2018) Reflective writing should include: responses to experiences, response to personal thoughts and feelings, scope for gaining lessons, clarity and coherence of thought, scope of developing writing skills and comprehension of what is being studied. However, the following aspects should be avoided in reflective practice like just a mere conveyance of information, pure description of the experience, biasness and straightforward judgments, simple problem solving tasks, summary of course notes and standard essays (Student.unsw.edu.au, 2018). During the discourse of Module NMNF5103, I was introduced to the concept of reflective writing, and how such practice is vital for healthcare services. The nodule helped me fully comprehend the depth of the topic, its philosophical underpinnings and how it can help to develop career and practice. I was able to learn how through reflective work competencies can be evolved. Furthermore I was able to learn how to evaluate a reflective practice, in order to ascribe lessons being learnt from experiences. Such aspects had important consequences in my professional practice as a nurse. Development of Skills in the move towards Reflective Practice: This module introduced me to the philosophical underpinnings of reflection, and its science. Through the study of the book, the Reflective Practice in Nursing (Bulman Schutz, 2013) I was able to learn the philosophical legacy surrounding thinking and knowing, the educational and critical thinking skills required of the nurses, understanding reflection and its stages, how to develop skills for reflective practice, and the importance of such skills in the nursing practice. I was able to learn that reflective practice enables a patient centric and effective practice, and helps in the development of nursing practice along with evidence based nursing practice. Understanding the history of the philosophy of reflection, starting from Aristotle, helped me understand the importance and history this idea. However, I was also able to find a flaw in the philosophy of Aristotle, as being too dependent of reflective practice, and completely ignoring the practical world. Since pure reflection cann ot help to develop idea about the real world (Schn, 2017). The pragmatic philosophy of Dewey also helped me understand how thoughts are related to action, and therefore has both practical and theoretical implications (Shusterman, 2016). This necessitates the incorporation reflective practice in professional domain, as suggested by Schon. These aspects gave me a historical overview how to concept of reflective thinking evolved by integrating intellectual thinking in a practical and theoretical context. Reflective practice can start with an emotional response, which can be either positive or uncomfortable, and allows retrospective analysis of previous experiences and events, helping to make better sense of them. This can eventually support future practice, and set precedents for future events. Effective reflective practice also depends on objectivity and critical analysis. Critical analysis can allow proper analysis of the issue in concern, and create a new understanding and appreciat ion for it. I was also able to learn the subtle similarities and differences in the understanding of reflective practice by several authors (Morse, 2015). Most of these stemmed from aspects such as experience, emotions, feelings, and perspective held by the authors. However, the overall consensus does exist in defining reflective process as reviewing of experience in a way it can be described. I learnt few key concepts related to the philosophy of reflective practice, like Praxia, Critical being and knowing. Praxis originates from ancient Greek philosophy and philosopher Paulo Freire, and describes it as an action that has embedded values and can be linked to the possession of certain knowledge. This entails responsive and purposeful action instead of deviating into an auto-pilot mode. Critical being that fosters critical reflection is also an important part of reflective practice. Critical being is different from critical thinking, as a critical being willed is able to critically r eflect upon owns development and commitments (Barnett, 2015). Expression of knowledge is also crucial, since it allows integration of what is known with what can be seen. This can help to develop a critical awareness of the world and induce such aspects in the reflective practices. However, caution has been advised by Brookfield, who pointed out the dangers of over dependency towards reflective practice. I was able to learn about his arguments against reflective practice which can induce imposter ship, cultural suicide, lost innocence and road running. He pointed out that reflective practice in nursing can turn attention to its challenges and difficulties, ultimately causing disappointment for the person, and hence lost innocence. I was able to learn the stages and levels of reflection adapted from Mezorow and Goodman. The Mezorows model comprises of affective, discriminate, judgmental, conceptual, psychic and theoretical reflection. Goodmans model comprises of reflection on objectives; reflection upon patient-nurse relation, nursing principles and practices; and reflection in an ethical and political context (Archer Bryant, 2001). This information helped me realize that several skills are required to develop reflective practice, such as self awareness, descriptive analysis, and precise recollection of memory, critical analysis, synthesis and evaluation. I was able to utilize such fin dings in practical scenarios during my educational journey, reflecting upon events, noting how I felt about the events, how others behaved, my analysis of how they might have felt, heir interpretation of the event, any significant relation of the event to other events, alternate course of thinking or action, skills needed to tac kle or manage the event, requirement of additional knowledge or skills to meet such needs, and implicat5ion of such skills and knowledge in future practice. I was able to use such reflective practice to additionally reflect upon my reflection to fully realize the importance of such skills in professional practice. Supporting practitioners in the process of reflective writing: During this module I was able to learn the various reasons in which we can use reflective practice and reasons for doing so. The importance of reflective practice, especially in learning was further emphasized during this module. Such aspect was designed to prepare students for the practice of reflection. I was also able to understand the skills needed as mentors to develop reflective practice. The requirement and necessity of reflection was suggested by Jasper, as methods to develop life strategies for survival. This can incorporate learning from the environment, and using that knowledge in practice (Johns, 2017). This can enable learning from others mistakes and ensuring such mistake does not occur in self practice. I was able to learn how much hold reflective practice has over healthcare and nursing professions, forming a bridge between the practice and lifelong development of career. I understood that in professional practice, it is important to be able to recognize the need for change in practice strategies due to reduced efficacy or newer available strategy. This identification requires reflection upon current practice, to find out scope of improvements or for change. Ultimately, such strategies can allow development of the best practices, and to advance the practice itself (Knott Scragg, 2016). The importance of reflection in learning was emphasized by the learning cycle. Understanding that the learning cycle comprises of a sequence of experience, reflection, abstraction and active testing as proposed by Kolb helped be realize hoe reflective practice can aid learning and bridge the gap between experience and abstraction. It can allow analysis of situation under different context, thereby helping to develop a deeper comprehension of the subject. This can allow us to look for deeper meanings in certain contexts that can be implemented in later scenarios (Konak et al., 2014). Questions like what was done correctly in the scenario or how else could I have done the same thing differently can be fundamental to look for such meanings in different contexts. Reflection allows scope for abstraction of ideas, and uses such information in professional practice. I was able to use this knowledge in reflective exercises on self, working with partner, or with a group. During these exercise , I was able to understand how self awareness helps to build understanding of self views, beliefs, qualities, strengths and weaknesses. It also helps us how these factors have shaped us and our thoughts. Ability to provide adequate description of scenarios also proved to be an effective strategy that allowed accurate description of persons, objects, situations, concepts or ideas involved in the scenario, and hence pain a better picture in the mind of the reader. Critical analysis allowed me to identify and illuminate my existing ideas relevant in the scenario, and exploring the feelings and challenges faced upon retrospective view (Barnett, 2015). I was able to understand how values, spirituality and openness can be a source of inspiration and motivation to take responsibility of our own learning. I t was evident to me how values molded practice through reflection. Positive values like a sense of responsibility, respect for ethical consideration and furthering knowledge can all be encompassed through the assimilation of reflective practice. Such aspects can also motivate others to adopt the practice. Furthermore, a sense of spirituality also provides a feeling of interconnectedness of all beings, and therefore emphasizes the necessity to respect all life and ensure proper care. During the module, we were encouraged to set our own learning goals and reflect upon them. We had to write journal entries incorporating the learnt skills and framework for reflective practice. This helped to identify my current state of knowledge, and the steps necessary to further it. The practice also helped me develop skills to ask questions and cle ar any doubts or gaps in my knowledge. We were encouraged to work in groups, which also allowed reflection upon the thoughts and action of others in the group, and develop communication skills. I was able to learn key skills to advance the roll of a nurse to that of a mentor by incorporating effective working relationships, facilitating learning processes, learning about assessment and accountability of actions, setting up an environment that fosters learning, creating a context for healthcare practice, supporting evidence based practice and promoting leadership. I was able to learn how these aspects can help to promote learning and reflective practices in both the mentors as well as mentees. It also helped me understand why it is important to take practice steps in directing self learning, taking responsibility of self development through active interest. Using journals and diaries in reflective practice: In this module I was able to learn the characteristics of journals that can enhance learning, the reasons why journals should be maintained, the styles of learning journals appropriate for furthering knowledge, and the uses of properly structured journals. The module started off with a refresher on reflective writing (definitions, role and uses). It reminded us the importance of critical analysis, and structured approach towards reflection. The module introduced me to the method of writing journals that can allow learning to be developed through experiences. I was introduced to the characteristic features of journals that are applicable for learning, and reasons for maintaining journals. For example, I was able to learn that the style of the journal depends on the propose for which it is written and depending on the person(s) having access to it (Hahn Galea, 2016). I was also able to learn how to style and structure a learning journal in this module. Studying the book Reflective practice in nursing I was able to understand the reflective practice is not a one off incident but a process instead. Reflective thinking is evidenced through reflective writing, and a reflective journal should incorporate critical thinking and writing in a structured form. For example, a basic structure I learnt was to segregate the data presented in the journal and the reflection upon it. Mixing them up can have confounding effects as well as leave scope for important information to be overlooked, apart from distorting the overall flow of the subject. I was able to identify essential components of reflective thinking like hindsight and retrospection, analysis of the event or idea, and identifying the implication of the event or idea. I understood that retrospection allowed looking back at the event or idea, while analyzing that involved thinking about it thoroughly and from divergent perspectives in order to build a context for the event of idea and ena ble referencing to relevant theories or models. Also, understanding implications of the findings from the analysis can alter how we practice and expand our knowledge (Howatson-Jones, 2016). An important aspect of reflective writing I appreciated is that it is a personal intellectual property. This was an important fact for me since I understood how reflective journals can also incorporate deep seated and personal thoughts and ideas, which I might not always be comfortable to share. It therefore can foster complete honesty and openness in the reflective practice. It is therefore a regular practice for journals to be written in the first person, as I have understood. Thorough analysis also meant that one has to go deeper to understand the reasons for certain action as well as reflect upon the consequences of that, and therefore build experience out of it. I was introduced to different styles of reflective writing styles like learning contract, incident analysis, essay, journal and diary, case studies and portfolio. This helped me realize how many ways reflective writing can be incorporated into professional practice and learning. Furthermore, it enabled me to gain a deepe r insight into the styles of reflective writing that can ensure its efficiency in conveying thoughts and ideas in a clear and comprehensible manner. Since journals record on going, day to day activities and ideas, it is a tool for reflection to be used on a regular basis, and its emphasis on learning is attributed to the intention showed to identify learning avenues upon retrospective analysis (Horton-Deutsch Sherwood, 2017). Learning about journal writing, I was able to identify the key characteristics of it, as is discussed next. The journals are added incrementally over time, it records events or experiences, it should focus on learning outcomes from such events, should include reflective analysis of the event. Through the progression of the module I also learnt that keeping journals served several useful purposes such as recording important experiences, facilitate the development of learning from it, help to build an understanding of the experience and what that represents, helping the development of an inquisitive nature and foster critical thinking, encourage metacognition, foster active ownership and involvement in learning, improve reflective thinking faculties, foster development of decision making and problem solving skills, help in personal growth and development, paves the road to self empowerment, supporting change in behavior or therapeutic practice, improve creativity and writing style, fos tering self expression and communication, allow planning of activities, and also help effective sharing of information. I was able to learn that an effective structure of journal can include an open page technique with revolving spiral and focused on topic areas, used as project research journals or diaries. Application of reflection to clinical practice- reflection on my own experiences This module introduced me to the types of reflection, the models and framework of reflection and utilization of reflective practice in clinical experience. The module primarily emphasized on the two main types of reflective practice or framework that can be used to reflect upon various types of experiences. I was able to learn two main types of reflection: reflection in action and reflection on action. In action reflection is done while performing the task and helps us towards its completion. Reflection on the ongoing processes helps us to reshape the course of action if necessary, and if evidenced by researches. This helps us to incorporate evidence based practice instead of a trial and error strategy. For example, while making regular journal updates, I would incorporate events that occurred recently over the continued period of care, recording observations which I could reflect upon later. On action reflection on the other hand can be used to design projects incorporating informat ion from final reflective works, or portions of journals and design strategies to ascribe lessons learnt through them. This allows the evaluation of owns critical thinking and evaluation processes. I was able to incorporate on action reflection to evaluate my reflective writing in journals, trying to draw out the strengths and weaknesses in the evaluation and key elements in the thought process, which allowed me to infer lessons learnt from those experiences. In would frequently reflect upon the actions of my co-workers and colleagues trying to learn from their experiences, which I could culminate to key lessons learnt from them. Similarly, my experiences with patients also rendered valuable information regarding how they feel and what they experience that affects their quality of life as well as their perception of the care provided to them. Such aspects helped me to device a more patient centered care, keeping in mind the concerns of the patient. I was able to utilize both the ref lective approaches in my journals and preparing the end of module papers based on the reflection upon the journals. The second focus of the module was on the frameworks of reflection that helped to device a structured approach towards the process of reflection. During the initial phase of the module I was struggling to find an appropriate structure for recording the data and my analysis of it. Often I would end up jumbling up a lot of information with short analysis interspaced and juxtaposed on each other. However, this module prepared me to express such data in a meaningful way. However, I was also able to appreciate the fact that there is no right model for reflection, and that the model of reflection used should be depending upon the propose of it, and the right model should eventually be based upon the one which feels most comfortable and can elucidate the knowledge gathered from the experience clearly. I also learnt that the reflective writing style and efficacy can be improved by combining different models, that is, using a particular model for analysis, and then incorporating questions fro m other models for a better critical review of the scenario in question. The models that I was introduced to during the module were: Five Stage Model by Dewey, Reflection in Action model by Schon, Learning Cycle by Kolb, Framework Guiding Reflective Activity by Borton, Paolo Freires model, Gibbs Reflective Cycle, Johns model for structured reflection, Driscoli cycle, Stephensons model and Goodmans theory of reflection. These models or frameworks introduced me to different approaches towards the structuring of reflective work, in a manner that it makes more sense within a given context. I frequently used Gibbs reflective Cycle and Koibs learning cycle to evaluate my learning processes, using Schons In Action reflective pattern to update regular journals, and also utilized Goodmans Theory to reflect upon the information gathered in the journals. During the module I had to prepare essay differentiating my understanding of the two reflective processes, and my understanding of the importance of reflective practices in healthcare. I was also able to identify several barriers to reflection both external and internal, which helped me to implement strategies to improve reflective practice addressing the barriers. For example, one significant internal barrier was objectivity that is the ability to describe things without any bias. Such as a challenging aspect given the emotional involvement needed in reflective work. However, a structured approach helped me to focus the emotions in a more meaningful manner to reflect upon specific experiences. I was able to use this strategy for the evaluation of a personal experience, where I utilized Gibbs reflective cycle to analyze the situation and ascribe a lesson being learnt from it. Assessment and evaluation of reflection In this module I was able to discuss the assessment of reflection in terms of exploration criteria the criteria helped me evaluate my reflective skills based on certain predetermined outcomes. The formed the basis of tools for the assessment process. I was able to summarize these needs in the practice of registered nursing. I was also able to identify key issues with the process of assessment of reflection and evaluate methods for assessment and evaluation of reflection. The module primarily highlighted on the process of assessment of reflection as well as its criteria for exploration. This was an important aspect since it allowed evaluation of practices, and identifying its strengths and weaknesses. It also helped me identify the degree to which the knowledge or skill from reflection have affected my actions. For example I was able to measure my progress by analyzing completion of key objectives leading up to the development of skills. During the discourse, I was able to understand the importance of ask and observe so that evaluation of both espoused and present scenario can be done. The exploration criteria can help in effective evaluation of reflective practice, as I have understood firsthand evaluating my own work. The criterion I learnt during the module were a) a knowledge base being developed b) advancement of old skills and development of new ones c) attitudes and values that have changed d) participation in reflective activities e) initiatives in the development of clinical practice. Such criteria are very helpful in the context of clinical care, and emphasize the importance of knowledge in the development and improvement of skills and practice. Such can therefore help in career development as well as personal growth (Phillips, 2016). An understanding of the elements that needs to be assessed in a reflective practice was an essential element for my success in the module. I was able to clearly identify what aspects that need evaluation in the assessment. Understanding of the structure of reflective work was pivotal to that end; I was able to understand that reflective practice was a natural talent for many while it was a skill that needed to be developed in others. Consequently, everyone tended to have a different approach towards reflective practice, and followed a different flow of thought. However, the presence of frameworks helped me to learn the process fairly easily, and I was able to critically evaluate and analyze my experiences. I was also able to learn about the various levels of reflection as proposed by several authors. Even though much of the structure and hierarchy of the levels are still contested and argued, one thing remains certain, that such levels allows the formation of grids for reflection. Re flection is a continuous process that utilizes the skills for reflective thinking and implementing such thoughts to create changes in practice. I understood that such practice involved both cognition and action, and helped provide new perspectives to experience, helped to bring about a behavioral change and improved readiness for application of knowledge and ensure commitment towards action. During the module I also learnt the skills required by facilitators of reflective learning. I learnt how open mindedness, effective communication, group management skills, maintaining diversity and providence of disclosure can facilitate reflective practice. This can help to encourage the group to further develop their practice through effective use of reflection. I also understood that as facilitators, personal opinions and biases should be kept at bay, and an objective focus is to e maintained. I was introduced to different tools of reflection like verbal and written methods. From the perspective of stakeholders, a uniform understanding of reflective practice must also exist. And during the module our group was able to exhibit such an uniformity in the understanding of the concept. Such aspects were based upon the understanding of the various challenges in the assessment of reflection and includes: an inability to introspect and transcend personal biases, lack of clarity in the und erstanding of reflection, understanding the levels of reflection and how it develops, confusion as to whether assess the process or the outcomes, summative assessment causing honesty barriers, lack of proper assessment tools, skills possessed by facilitators and political or financial constraints. Such overview helped me understand the possible sources of the challenges and therefore try to avoid as much of such aspects as possible to maintain effective reflective practice. Developing reflective practice through learning support During the overall duration of the academic discourse, I was involved in seminars and interactive discussions and participations. There were 5 seminars, each for three hours, where I was able to use reflective practice in the development of presentations. In the first seminars I was able to demonstrate my knowledge of the theoretical and philosophical underlining of the practice of reflection, describe various levels and stages of reflection, skills needed to develop reflection and its proper usage. In second seminar I was able to demonstrate my understanding of how reflective writing is important in professional practice and identify skills required by both learners and mentors to promote reflective practice. In the third seminar I was able to describe the characteristics of a reflective journal and why maintenance of journal is important. I was able to cite from my personal experience as a nurse, how maintaining journal helped me keep track of everything. I was able to incorporate different styles of journal based on the context, and demonstrate proper utilization of journals to develop practice. In the fourth seminar, I was able to explain the different types of reflection and reflective frameworks, which I incorporated in the presentations. I was able to show how each of the types and frameworks can be utilized under various scenarios, reflecting upon my own experiences. In the final seminar, I was able to successfully evaluate reflection based on exploration criterion, demonstrate understanding of the tools for assessment and identify key issues in the assessment of reflection as well as devise methods for effective assessment and evaluation of reflection. I was able to demonstrate these tools on my own reflective work, further helping me develop my evaluation and analytical skills. In addition to the face to face seminars, I also received considerable support through online discussions with facilitators and course mates. This helped me share relevant information with the course mates, filling in any knowledge gaps identified by the process, and also share development plans for comparison. As a group, we were able to cross reflect upon each other work, and evaluate each other based on the known framework. This helped us to gain fluency in the process, and develop our understanding of it. We would often hit roadblocks in this process, which was then clarified by the facilitators. The online availability of the facilitators enabled easy access to help and support, which was crucial in the successful completion of the module on time. Such help was also pivotal in the preparation for exams; as it helped revision of the key concepts of enable discussions to revise our knowledge. Additionally, feedbacks and inputs from the facilitators were key elements to enable the development of the necessary skills for reflective work and gain knowledge of the tools for the evaluation of the reflection. It helped us identify key areas of improvement, where work could be done, and skills that can be further honed (Forbes et al., 2016). Conclusion: Journey through the module on reflective practice helped me to develop skills needed for efficient reflective writing, and develop understanding of its appropriate usage. I was able to use this method to reflect upon my clinical practice and experience, and develop my career as a nurse. I was able to critically analyze my thought process in a clear, coherent and structured format that also helped to identify lessons to be leant though the experience. Such knowledge helped me cater to the specific needs of patients and identify any gaps in my own knowledge. I started maintaining journals to record everyday experiences, reflecting upon the events and then evaluating them. During the module, I was involved in several seminars and exams that tested my skills. This proved to be an essential tool to further develop in my ability to analyze and evaluate my own skills. I also learnt how reflective practice can be facilitated, and how a mentor and facilitator can foster this practice in clini cal settings. Working as a head nurse, such aspect can be fruitful to encourage new learners to take active control over their own knowledge development and career growth. I was able to develop skills of a mentor and a leader, to be able to guide my team towards a better practice, which improved the quality of care. The journey through then module could be summarized through the learning outcomes achieved at the end of the module like the ability to identify the stages and levels of reflection, understanding the significance of reflective practice, developing knowledge on how and where to apply reflective practice, learn different approaches to facilitate reflection, reflective skills required by mentors, learning the proper usage of journals and how to efficiently structure them, learning about challenges and issues pertaining to reflective practice and also helped me understand the importance of adopting such practice in nursing. I was able to relate each of such aspects with my experience, and was able to develop these skills to become a better and more efficient professional. I hope that I can inculcate such values to new learners, helping them develop their own career and achieve success, and partake in the attempt to improve healthcare. References: Archer, N., Bryant, P. (2001). 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(2017).Reflective practice: Transforming education and improving outcomes(Vol. 2). Sigma Theta Tau. Howatson-Jones, L. (2016).Reflective practice in nursing. Learning Matters. Johns, C. (2017).Becoming a reflective practitioner. John Wiley Sons. Knott, C., Scragg, T. (Eds.). (2016).Reflective practice in social work. Learning Matters. Konak, A., Clark, T. K., Nasereddin, M. (2014). Using Kolb's Experiential Learning Cycle to improve student learning in virtual computer laboratories.Computers Education,72, 11-22. Morse, J. M. (2015). Critical analysis of strategies for determining rigor in qualitative inquiry.Qualitative health research,25(9), 1212-1222. Phillips, J. A. (2016). Student self-assessment and reflection in a learner controlled environment.arXiv preprint arXiv:1608.00313. Schn, D. A. (2017).The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. Routledge. Shusterman, R. (2016).Practicing philosophy: Pragmatism and the philosophical life. Routledge. Student.unsw.edu.au. (2018). Reflective Writing Guide | UNSW Current Students. Student.unsw.edu.au. Retrieved 21 February 2018, from https://student.unsw.edu.au/reflective-writing